摘要
闻见之知与德性之知的两分是宋明时期流行的做法,德性之知不萌于闻见则是自张载、二程开始的代表性观点,目的在于维护德性的先天必然性。朱子希望沟通闻见与德性、人心与物理的"主宾之辨",形成既有内外又合内外的格物穷理的认识路经。朱学与阳明学的主要争议,集中在是否可经由闻见知识进入到内在德性的自我觉醒和彰显,从而打破自然生理与至善伦理之间的障壁。朱子认为"做圣贤"与"格天下之物"为一事,阳明以亲身经历予以否证,强调吾心良知自足,良知之外无知。阳明虽也不否认知识,但毕竟吾心即物理,初无假于外,闻见表现为良知本体的彰显流行。这既有克服朱学致知路向的理论需要,也有"拔本塞源"、矫正不良社会风气的现实理由,而最终目标则在成就完善的圣贤人格。
The dichotomy between the knowledge of sense and the knowledge of virtue was a popular practice in the Song and Ming Dynasties. The idea that the knowledge of virtue is not originated from the knowledge of sense was a representative point of view from Scholar Zhang Zai and Cheng Brothers,whose purpose was to maintain the innate necessity of virtue. Zhu Xi hoped to communicate the sense and virtue. The distinction between the subject and the object existing in the human mind and principle of things as a cognitive way means a unity of the internal and external in human mind. The main controversy between Zhu Xi’s theory and Yangming’s theory lies in whether the inner virtue can be self-awakened and manifested via sense,so that breaking the barrier between natural growing principle and the supreme good ethics. Zhu Xi regarded'being a sage'and'investigating things in the world'as one thing,which was disproven by Yangming’s own experience. Yangming emphasized that 'my own conscience'is self-sufficient and there was no knowledge beyond conscience. He did not deny knowledge,but after all,'my mind'is the principle of things and never to be depended upon the exterior world. The sense is the manifestation of the entity of conscience. It is not only the theoretical need to overcome Zhu Xi’s direction of seeking knowledge,but also the practical need to rectify the social ills by 'extirpating the root of evil. 'And the ultimate goal is to achieve a perfect sage personality.
作者
向世陵
Xiang Shiling(School of Chinese Classics,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)
出处
《复旦学报（社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2019年第1期31-41,共11页
Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目"多卷本<宋明理学史新编>"(项目批准号:17ZDA013)资助
关键词
知识
闻见之知
德性之知
格物致知
knowledge
knowledge of sense
knowledge of virtue
obtaining knowledge through investigation
