摘要
遗嘱指定监护是父母在监护人选择上意思自治的重要方式,我国《民法总则》第29条对遗嘱指定监护作出了规定。但现有规定欠缺具体适用规则,需要进行条件解释和规则填充。具体而言,需把被监护人的父母解释为生父母和养父母,需把被监护人解释为未成年人和成年被监护人。需在民法典《婚姻家庭编》增设监护章,通过监护章明确被指定人的范围应当加以必要限定;遗嘱可以为胎儿指定监护人;遗嘱可以指定他人不得担任监护人;被指定人可以对遗嘱指定监护加以拒绝;指定多名监护人时应从中确定一名监护人。同时,规定父母先死亡一方的遗嘱指定监护,不能妨碍后死亡一方监护权的行使。父母双方遗嘱指定的监护人不一致时,能够确定死亡先后顺序的,以后死亡一方的指定为准;无法确定死亡先后顺序的,尊重被监护人的意愿,根据最有利于被监护人的原则,在父母双方指定的监护人中确定监护人。这样才能化解遗嘱指定监护在适用过程中产生的争议,使父母的真实意愿得到充分尊重,使被监护人的利益得到妥善保护。
The guardian designated by the will is of great value to the autonomy of parents in the choice of guardians and the twenty-ninth article of General Provisions of the Civil Law of China stipulates that the guardian may be designated by the will. However,the existing regulations are short of specific applicable rules, which require conditional interpretation and rule filling. In particular,the parents of the guardian need to be interpreted as living parents and foster parents. The scope of the ward shall be interpreted as that of minors and special adults. The marriage and family legislation need add guardianship chapter to limit the scope of the person appointed by the will. It is clear that the will may designate another person not to be a guardian,the will may designate a guardian for the fetus,the designated person may refuse the guardian designated by the will and only one guardian can be defined. At the same time,the guardianship designated by the will of the deceased parent shall not hinder the exercise of the guardianship of the deceased parent. If the guardianship designated by the will of the parents is inconsistent,the latter shall be designated. Unable to determine the order of death,respecting the wishes of the Guardians and determining guardians based on principles conducive to being Guardians. Only in this way can we resolve the disputes arising from the application of the guardian designated by the will and maximize the protection of the interests of the guardian.
作者
孟勤国
唐瑞
MENG Qin-guo;TANG Rui(Law School,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072 China)
出处
《河北法学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2019年第5期14-25,共12页
Hebei Law Science
关键词
民法总则
遗嘱
指定监护
被监护人
婚姻家庭编
general provisions of the civil law
the will
designated guardian
the ward
the marriage and family legislation
