摘要
"民主"—"天惟时求民主",是三代意识形态的重要内容,包括"做民之主"和"为民做主"两个方面,二者互为联系又各有侧重;前者突出治民、教民,后者强调保民、养民,并呈现为从强调治民、教民到重视保民、养民,从提倡刑罚到主张"明德慎罚"的变化。清华简《厚父》反映的是夏人包括殷人的思想,属于"民主"说中的治民、教民说,其对典刑的推崇,对民众的不信任("民心难测"),与周人重视保民、养民的"敬德保民"说有较大的不同。《厚父》的发现,对了解古代"民主"说的发展提供了重要材料。"民主"说乃中国古代政治思想的母题,春秋以后从中发展出民本说、民本君本混合说以及君本说,以往学者仅仅从民本说对古代政治思想做出解读,是难以对其做出全面、准确把握的,由民本转向民主才是追根溯源。
The theory of minzhu(lit.“people s ruler”),indispensable to the ideology of the Three Dynasties,includes two aspects-a ruler of the people and a ruler for the people.The former is concerned with ruling and chastising the people;the latter,with protecting and nourishing them.The Tsinghua Bamboo Slips text“Houfu,”as a representative text of the thought of the Xia and Shang people,theorizes the“ruler of the people,”that is,the idea of ruling and chastising the people.Favoring norms and penalties,and showing no trust in the people,the bamboo text differs remarkably from the Zhou tradition,which prioritizes protecting and nourishing the people.“Houfu”serves as an important text for understanding the development of ancient theories of“a ruler for the people,”which later developed and diverged into three theories after the Spring and Autumn period:people-oriented theory,sovereign-oriented theory,and a mixture theory of the two.A paradigm shift from“minben(being people-oriented)”to“minzhu(being a ruler for the people)”is thus necessary in studies on ancient Chinese politics.
出处
《哲学研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2018年第11期40-50,127,128,共13页
Philosophical Research
