摘要
明清时期,官方没有制定一套明确的法律体系规范渔民对沿海或内陆水域的使用。明初的湖池"闸办"与渔户"承课",虽从国家制度层面限定了谁可以在特定水域捕鱼,但没有对渔民的捕捞行为建立有效的限制规则。在湖区,来自同一个家族、村庄或使用同一类网具的渔民往往形成利益团体,以维护他们的资源份额,防止他人侵占。大多数水面的占有者并非个人,而是以家族为单位,族内的子嗣共同享有份额。那些在渔民社群中累积的"合同议约"文书,不断把民间的习惯或非正式的传统变成正式的书面规则,包括准入权、捕鱼范围、捕鱼时段、捕鱼网具等多层次的制度安排。大体而言,明清鄱阳湖区的渔民更趋向于通过建立非正式制度解决捕捞场地、捕捞时段的分配以及捕捞过程中各类船、网之间的物理干扰问题,而对渔业资源的提取困境则缺乏有效的制度安排。事实上,鄱阳湖区渔业捕捞秩序的生成及进化经历了一个漫长的历史过程。
In late imperial China,the government did not make clear laws to regulate the fishery along the seashores and in inland waters.In early Ming,there were some regulations on the state level about who could do fishing in which areas,but no restrictions were made on fishing practice.In the lake area,fishermen from the same linage,village,or using the same tools tended to form interest groups to protect their resources.The property of lake normally belonged to linages,whose members shared the property.Documents accumulated in the community of fishermen continuously turned customs or informal tradition into formal regulations,which consisted in multi-level institutional arrangement in all the aspects of fishery.In general,in Boyang Lake area in late imperial time,fishermen tended to use an informal institution to solve problems among themselves,but they lacked effective regulations to solve the shortage of fishery resources.In fact,the establishment and evolution of the order of fishery in Boyang Lake area underwent a long historical process.
出处
《近代史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2018年第3期56-73,161,共19页
Modern Chinese History Studies
基金
香港特别行政区大学教育资助委员会卓越学科领域计划(第五轮)"中国社会的历史人类学"(AoE/H-01/08)的资助
