摘要
清代前期,地方政府主要通过差役治理渡运。湖南益阳碧津官渡因工食拮据和政府放任,引发了官渡夫勒索行人、交通拥堵等问题。乾隆中期,民众不堪其扰,自设碧津义渡,官渡、义渡并峙。光绪年间,益阳县调整策略,以义渡首士顶替官渡夫,通过民间组织进行渡口管理。役与民都是清代地方政府进行渡运管理的工具,碧津渡的变迁反映了清代渡运管理模式由"假手于役"到"假手于民"的转向。这一转向,正是清代的大势所趋,史料证明,清代中后期各地官渡或早或晚都出现了这么一种变化趋势:人事上官渡夫让位于民间组织,经济上民间善款超过工食银成为主要财源,也就是说原有的徭役系统正被民间系统所取代。
During the early period of Qing Dynasty, local governments mainly ran ferries with official employees. Yiyang, which was a county under Hunan Province established the Bijin Official Ferry. In the mid period of Emperor Qianlong's reign, people also set up another Bijin Charitable Ferry in the county. As a result, the conflict over official or charitable nature of the ferries broke out. with intermediation of the authority, part of the charitable ferry's assets were transferred to the offcial one,which satisfied both the government and people at the moment. During Emperor Guangxu's reign, the conflict further escalated. The Yiyang authority finally decided to run all the ferries with Non-Governmental organizations by replacing ferries official employees with heads of charitable ferries. Both official employees and people were tools for the local governments to manage the ferry affairs, the Bijin Ferry's example reflected transition of the management entities on ferry affairs from governments to Non-Governmental organizations in Qing Dynasty.
出处
《江西社会科学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2018年第10期152-160,256,共9页
Jiangxi Social Sciences
