摘要
研究和明确制约机械粒收质量的因素,对于辽宁省玉米机械粒收技术的推广和生产转型升级具有重要意义。2015-2017年在辽宁省中部的铁岭县蔡牛镇、沈北新区黄家村和海城市耿庄开展了5组玉米机械粒收试验与示范,通过对41个参试品种57个品次粒收质量指标的测试与评价,结果表明:(1)子粒破碎率均值为11.38%,5组试验均高于国家标准≤5%的要求,破碎率偏高是目前辽宁机械粒收存在的主要质量问题;(2)收获产量损失率平均为3.93%,低于国家标准≤5%要求,但不同试验组间差异较大,变幅为0.78%~12.60%,部分田块机械粒收产量损失较大;(3)57个品次样本子粒含水率与破碎率、杂质率的相关系数分别为0.596和0.454,均达到极显著水平,子粒含水率高是导致破碎率和杂质率高的重要因素;(4)产量损失主要来自落穗损失,占总损失量的63.2%~92.5%,落穗损失与植株倒伏倒折密切相关;(5)10月中下旬(10月13日至10月21日)收获,87.2%的参试品种子粒含水率可下降至25%以下,处于适宜机械粒收水分范围。本研究认为,辽宁中部地区热量资源丰富、玉米适采期长,10月中下旬收获时子粒含水率不是当前制约机械粒收质量和技术推广的首要因素,而后期茎秆衰老慢和抗玉米螟、茎腐病品种的选育,控制倒伏与落穗的技术措施应引起关注。
Studying and defining the factors restricting the quality of mechanical harvesting maize grain is of great significance for the promotion and transformation of mechanical harvesting maize grain technology in Liaoning Province. From 2015 to 2017, five sets of mechanical harvesting maize grain technology tests and demonstrations were conducted at Tieling, Shenbei and Haicheng in Liaoning Province, with the evaluation of 57 samples from 41 cultivars. The results showed that：（1） The average grain broken rate was 11.38%, all the results of five sets of experiments were higher than the national standard（≤5%）, which was the main problem of mechanical harvesting maize grain in Liaoning Province;（2） The average yield loss rate was 3.93%, with a large variation（0.78%-12.60%） between different sets;（3） The correlation coefficients of grain moisture content and grain broken rate, and impurity rate were 0.596 and 0.454 which reached a extremly significant difference level. High grain moisture content was the main reason resulting in high grain broken rate and high impurity rate;（4） Yield loss mainly came from the ear loss, accounting for 63.2%-92.5% of the total yield loss, ear loss was closely related to lodging rate;（5） When harvested at middle to late October（13 th to 21 st, October）, the grain moisture content of the 87.2% of the testing cultivars could drop to below 25%, which is in the suitable moisture content for mechanical harvesting grain. The present study showed that the heat resources was rich in central Liaoning Province and it had a long suitable harvesting period, the grain moisture content was not the key factor that restricts mechanical grain harvest. The keys to popularize maize mechanical grain harvest is to breed cultivars which has a slow stem senescence and high tolerance to stem rot and Ostrinia nubilalis, controlling lodging and ear loss.
作者
李少昆
王克如
王延波
赵海岩
沈玉忠
蔡丹丹
肖万欣
姜文野
黄兆福
翟立超
谢瑞芝
侯鹏
明博
Li Shaokun;Wang Keru;Wang Yanbo;Zhao Haiyan;Shen Yuzhong;Cai Dandan;Xiao Wanxin;Jiang Wenye;Huang Zhaofu;Zhai Lichao;Xie Ruizhi;Hou Peng;Ming Bo(Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology Beijing 100081, China;Corn Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China;Tieling County Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Tieling 112600, Liaoning, China;Liaoning Branch of China Sinochem Fertilizer Holdings Limited Company, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China)
出处
《作物杂志》
CAS
北大核心
2018年第3期162-167,共6页
Crops
基金
国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300101
2016YFD0300110)
国家玉米产业技术体系项目(CARS-02-25)
中国农业科学院农业科技创新工程
关键词
辽宁中部地区
玉米
机械粒收
子粒含水率
倒伏倒折
产量损失
Central Liaoning
Maize
Mechanical harvesting grain
Grain moisture content
Plant lodging
Yield loss
