摘要
明清小冰期鼎盛期是指1560~1890年小冰期气候最寒冷的时期,其间气候波动剧烈,自然灾害频发,对明清社会经济发展产生了重大的影响。文中分别从满清入关、明朝灭亡、康熙复兴、道光萧条、光绪衰落五个阶段探讨了明清小冰期鼎盛期气候变化及其社会响应。研究表明:(1)明末北方低温,雪灾冻害频繁,严重影响了以游牧业为主的女真族的生产生活,牲畜死亡,食物短缺,加速了女真族南下入关的步伐。(2)崇祯大旱期间,农业欠收,饥荒四起,农民起义不断,导致明朝灭亡。(3)康熙时期,气候寒冷,严重影响了社会生产,但康熙励精图治,一定程度上缓解了因自然灾害带来的社会经济损失,社会发展不断充满活力,为"康乾盛世"奠定了基础。(4)道光年间,冷冬频繁,严重的自然灾害将原本矛盾尖锐的社会变的更加动荡不堪,生产力受损,社会开始衰落。(5)光绪大旱,导致人口减少,生产停滞,社会混乱,国家内外交困,社会已彻底衰败。因此,在古代农业社会,生产力水平低下,人类对气候变化引发的自然灾害的预知能力、适应能力、抵御能力差;在自然灾害频发且灾情严重情况下,易导致粮食减产甚至绝收,食物短缺,饥荒四起,起义不断,社会动乱,社会生产力严重受损,社会将面临衰败的趋势。
The heyday of the little ice age was 1560 - 1890.During this period the climate was the coldest and fluctuated violently,and the natural disasters occurred frequently,so it had a great influence on the social and economic development of the Ming and Qing dynasties.We explored the heyday of the little ice age climate change and its social responsiveness from five stages,they were the Manchuria entering the Shanhai Pass,the demise of the Ming Dynasty,the revival of Kangxi,the Daoguang depression and the decline of Guangxu.The results show that：（ 1） The low temperature in the north of the Ming Dynasty and the frequent snowstorms had seriously affected the production and the nomadic life of the Jurchens.The livestock deaths and the shortage of food had accelerated the pace of the Jurchen entering the Shanhai Pass.（ 2） The serious drought during the Chongzhen reign resulted to crop failure and famine,the peasants staged uprisings constantly,leading to the demise of the Ming Dynasty.（ 3） In Kangxi period,the cold climate seriously affected the social production.But Kangxis good governance,to some extent alleviated the social and economic losses caused by natural disasters.（ 4） In Daoguang years,cold winter occurred frequently.Serious natural disasters made the original sharp social contradiction more volatile.The society began to decline.（ 5） The serious drought during Guangxu reign led to population reduction and production stagnation,society was completely decay.Therefore,in the ancient agricultural society,the climate change easily damaged the social production due to the low level of productivity.
作者
肖杰
郑国璋
郭政昇
闫丽莎
XIAO Jie;ZHENG Guozhang;GUO Zhengsheng;YAN Lisha(College of Geography Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, China)
出处
《干旱区资源与环境》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2018年第6期79-84,共6页
Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment
关键词
明清小冰期
气候变化
自然灾害
社会响应
The Little Ice Age of Ming and Qing dynasties
climate change
natural disasters
social respon-siveness
