摘要
宋代除了城市基层行政管理单位性质的坊外,还存在着大量的乡村之坊。这类坊大多设于县内经济水平稍高的草市或墟市,但并未完全脱离乡村形态,故可以称之为村坊;最为常见的类型是酒坊和醋坊。村坊具有分属不同的行政机构、废置无常以及多由地方豪户买扑等三大特征,其管理方式为层层托管,实际负责人主要为乡村耆长。与乡、里、都、保等基层区划单位相似,村坊也存在地域化与聚落化的演变趋势。就地域化而言,由于村坊所售之酒、醋有相对固定的销售范围,使其能够指代某一特定的区域。就聚落化来说,如果某村坊在一地存在的时间较长,会以此坊为中心形成新的村落。作为聚落化的名称,坊与乡、里、都、保等基层区划单位并无太大差别,可以作为民众的身份标识及进士籍贯的表示符号。
In addition to workshops which served as grassroots administrative units of the city, there existed a large number of workshops in the countryside of the Song dynasty. This kind of workshops were usually located in the better developed areas of the county called ＂Caoshi＂ or ＂Xushi＇. Given that they were not entirely stripped of their rural formations, they could be called rural workshops. The most common types of rural workshops were wine workshops and vinegar workshops. Three features can be discerned from these rural workshops. First, they were subject to different administrative agencies. Second, their establishment and abolishment were very capricious. Third, they were usually bought by local magnates. The management of rural workshops was mandated hierarchically from top to bottom,with village seniors as the real person in charge. Similar to the regional units such as Xiang, Li, Du and Bao, rural workshops also had the evolvement tendency of localization and ruralization. As far as localization was concerned, the sales area of wine and vinegar workshops was relatively fixed. Therefore, it could be used to refer to a particular area. As far as ruralization was concerned, if a workshop existed in one place for a long time, a new village could develop around it. As a name for settlement, there was no big difference between rural workshops and basic regional units such as Xiang, Li, Du and Bao. It could be used as people＇s public identity and J inshi＇s native symbol.
出处
《史学月刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2018年第3期47-56,共10页
Journal of Historical Science
关键词
宋代
村坊
酒醋坊
地域化
聚落化
Song dynasty
rural workshops
wine and vinegar workshops
localization
ruralization
