摘要
《民法总则》第一百八十四条在我国民事法律体系中首次规定了自愿实施紧急救助行为的免责规则。该规则包括四个构成要件,即救助人出于自愿实施救助行为、受助人处于紧急状态、救助人实施救助行为、救助人的救助行为与受助人的损害之间具有因果关系。且该规则的适用范围应当解释为仅限于救助人存在一般过失,若救助人存在重大过失则应承担侵权责任。救助人重大过失可以类型化为因救助不当违反注意义务的侵权责任与违反先行行为所产生的救助义务的不作为侵权责任。在救助人因其重大过失承担侵权责任的情形,若救助人造成的是受助人新的损害,则与原侵权人各自承担单独侵权责任,若救助人造成的是受助人损害的扩大。
Article 184 of General Rules of the Civil Law stipulated the exemption for voluntary emergency rescue for the first time in the civil law system of China.This rule includes four constitutive requirements：the rescuer should be voluntary;the rescuee should be in exigency;the rescuer should implement the actions to rescue;there is causation between the action of rescuer and the damage of rescuee.Besides,the exemption should be only applied in the situation that the rescuer is without gross negligence or intent,or the rescuer should be liable.The gross negligence of rescuer can be divided into the following two types：the rescuer should be liable for its misconduct during rescue;the rescuer should be liable for its failure to fulfill its obligation of rescue because of its own preceding actions.If the rescuer causes extra damage to the rescuee,the tortfeasor and the rescuer should bear tort liability separately.If the rescuer causes expansion of the primary damage,the tortfeasor and the rescuer should bear several liability.
作者
王毅纯
Wang Yichun(Law School, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 100081)
出处
《河南财经政法大学学报》
2017年第5期29-38,共10页
Journal of Henan University of Economics and Law
关键词
自愿紧急救助
无因管理
免责
重大过失
侵权责任
voluntary emergency rescue
negotiorumgestio
exemption
gross negligence
tort liability
