摘要
【目的】针对黄土高原旱地小麦降水少且分配不均、水分和氮素利用效率低的问题,探索旱地小麦覆盖保水和氮肥施用的最佳技术途径。【方法】于2010—2013年在山西省闻喜县邱家岭村开展试验,主区为覆盖方式,设夏闲期深翻后覆盖与不覆盖2个水平,副区为施氮量,设低(纯氮75 kg·hm^(-2))、中(纯氮150 kg·hm^(-2))、高(纯氮225 kg·hm^(-2))3个水平,明确年际间夏闲期深翻覆盖配施氮肥对旱地麦田土壤水分、植株氮素利用、产量的影响。【结果】各生育时期土壤水分、植株氮素积累量、花前氮素转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率均以丰水年最高,欠水年最低,丰水年、平水年较欠水年分别提高产量80%、69%,提高水分利用效率7%、20%,提高氮素利用效率6%、5%。夏闲期覆盖较不覆盖,播种期0—300 cm土壤蓄水量显著提高,达50—62 mm;花前各生育时期土壤蓄水量显著提高,各生育时期植株氮素积累量提高,籽粒氮素积累量显著提高;丰水年和平水年拔节后各阶段氮素积累量显著提高,花前叶片和穗氮素转运量对籽粒贡献率提高;欠水年花前各阶段氮素积累量及其所占比例提高,花前茎秆+茎鞘氮素转运量对籽粒贡献率显著提高;产量显著提高,达23%—41%;水分利用效率提高3%—15%;丰水年和平水年氮素利用效率显著提高,达14%—26%,欠水年低氮条件下也显著提高,达10%。丰水年配施高氮,平水年和覆盖条件下的欠水年配施中氮,不覆盖条件下的欠水年配施低氮,孕穗期前土壤蓄水量、产量和水分利用效率均较高。丰水年配施高氮,花前氮素转运量和花后氮素积累量均最高,且各处理间差异显著,主要是由于促进花前叶片和穗中氮素向籽粒转运;平水年和覆盖条件下的欠水年配施中氮,花前氮素转运量和籽粒氮素积累量最高,且各处理间差异显著,平水年主要促进叶片和穗中氮素向籽粒转运,穗>叶片,覆盖
【Objective】For the problem of less rainfall and uneven distribution,lower water and nitrogen use efficiency of dryland wheat in the Loess Plateau,the best technological way for water conservation through mulching and nitrogen fertilization of dryland wheat was studied.【Method】Field experiments were carried out in Qiujialing village,Wenxi,Shanxi from 2010 to 2013,the main plot was mulched with plastic film or no mulched after deep tillage during the fallow period,the subplot was applied with nitrogen fertilizer at 75 kg·hm（-2）,150 kg·hm（-2）,and 225 kg·hm（-2） in order to make clear the effect of mulching during the fallow period and nitrogen fertilization on soil moisture,plant nitrogen utilization and its contribution to yield of dryland wheat in different years.【Result】The results showed that the soil moisture,plant nitrogen accumulation,the N translation amount before anthesis and its contribution proportion to grain at every growth period were the highest in humid year and the lowest in dry year.Compared with the dry year,the yield of grain in humid and normal year,respectively,increased by 80% and 69%,the water use efficiency,respectively,increased by 7% and 20%,the N use efficiency,respectively,increased by 6% and 5%.Compared with no mulching during the fallow period,the soil water storage in 0-300 cm depth was significantly increased by 52-60 mm at sowing stage under the condition of mulching,and the soil water storage was significantly increased before anthesis,plant nitrogen accumulation was increased in every growth period,the N accumulation of grain was significantly increased.Compared with no mulching during the fallow period,the N accumulation was significantly increased after jointing stage under the condition of mulching in humid and normal years,the contribution rate to grain of the N translation amount of leaf and spike before anthesis was increased;the N accumulation and its proportion at different growing stages were increased in dry year,the contribution rate to grain
作者
任爱霞
孙敏
高志强
王培如
薛建福
薛玲珠
雷妙妙
REN AiXia SUN Min GAO ZhiQiang WANG PeiRu XUE JianFu XUE LingZhu LEI MiaoMiao(College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801 Shanxi)
出处
《中国农业科学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2017年第15期2888-2903,共16页
Scientia Agricultura Sinica
基金
现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03-01-24)
国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303104)
山西省科技攻关项目(20140311008-3)
农业部公益性行业科研专项(201503120)
国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD23B04)
山西省回国留学人员重点科研资助项目(2015-重点4)
关键词
旱地小麦
夏闲期覆盖
氮肥
土壤水分
植株氮素利用
产量
dryland wheat
mulching during fallow period
nitrogen fertilizer
soil water
plant nitrogen use
yield
