摘要
非诉纠纷解决方式的日益普及，乃大势所趋，这在体育界尤为明显。有一种观点认为：仲裁庭，特别是国际体育仲裁院（CAS），对与体育相关的纠纷享有专属管辖权。各种体育组织的章程和细则中附加的强制性仲裁条款，更是强化了这种管辖权。如果有运动员或俱乐部欲不履行强制性仲裁条款规定的义务，他们会被警告其行为可能被予以纪律处分，这种震慑保障了仲裁条款得以执行。由于体育的职业化特点，以及国际单项体育联合会占据的垄断地位，在纠纷发生后，运动员以及各体育俱乐部除了将争议提交仲裁解决以外别无选择。尽管强制性仲裁条款的效力仍受到人们质疑，但瑞士联邦最高法院却对这类强制仲裁条款予以认可。欧洲人权法院的判例表明：包含强制性条款的私人仲裁协议，可能会违反《欧洲人权公约》第6条第1款，特别是可能会侵犯当事人的诉权。虽然《欧洲人权公约》规定的基本权利一般不适用于私主体之间，但从国家负有保障人权的积极义务的概念，可以得出这一结论：国家及其机关（在本文中，尤其指瑞士联邦最高法院），有责任干预这种私人关系，以确切保障诉权的有效行使。
General trend of the growing popularity of alternative dispute resolution is especially visible in the world of sport. There is a perception that arbitration tribunals, particularly the Court of Arbitration for Sport, have exclusive jurisdiction over sport - related disputes. This is enhanced by mandatory arbitration clauses inserted in statutes and bylaws of various sport governing bodies. These are safeguarded by a threat of imposing disciplinary sanctions on those who refrain from fulfilling the said obligations. Due to professionalization of sport and the monopolistic position of international federations, athletes, as well as clubs, have no other choice than to submit their disputes to arbitration. Although, the validity of these provisions can be questioned, they are upheld by the Swiss Federal Supreme Court. Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights shows that private arbitration agreements tainted with constraints may be perceived as contravening the Article 6 par. 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights, specifically the right to access to court. Although the horizontal effect of fundamental rights is limited, the concept of positive obligations allows for concluding that states and their organs, in this case particularly Swiss courts, are obliged to interfere in private relationships in order to secure the effective enjoyment of rights.
出处
《湘江青年法学》
2015年第2期70-95,共26页
Law Journal of Xiangjiang Youth
关键词
体育仲裁
仲裁条款
诉权
运动员的权利
《欧洲人权公约》第6条第1款
Arbitration in Sport
Arbitration Clauses
Right to Access to Court
Athletes＇ Rights
Article 6 （1） of the European Convention on Human Rights
