摘要
为提高旱作麦区土壤水分贮备能力,并探明此基础上提高产量的适宜施氮水平,本文采用大田试验在山西农业大学闻喜试验基地研究了夏闲期覆盖与不覆盖条件下75、150、225 kg·hm-23个施氮量对旱地土壤水分、小麦氮素吸收运转及产量的影响。结果表明：夏闲期深翻覆盖后,播种前0~300 cm土层土壤蓄水量提高约70~80 mm,尤其是80cm以下土层;成熟期0~300 cm各土层土壤蓄水量均低于播种前,尤其是0~160 cm各土层低20~30 mm;各生育期群体茎数、穗数提高,且低、高氮条件下处理间差异显著,小麦总耗水量提高5.68~31.30 mm,产量提高1.43%~7.16%,水分利用效率提高1.27%~4.23%;各生育时期植株氮素积累量、花前氮素运转量和花后氮素积累量提高,且各生育时期植株氮素积累量处理间差异显著,氮肥农学效率提高0.47~1.24 kg·kg-1,氮肥当季回收率显著提高3.01%~4.96%;覆盖配施氮肥后,成熟期0~160 cm土层土壤蓄水量、总耗水量以施氮量150 kg·hm-2最低;各生育期群体茎数、产量构成因素、产量和水分利用效率以施氮量150 kg·hm-2显著最高,75 kg·hm-2最低,且中氮较低氮与高氮处理产量分别提高574.75和341.14 kg·hm-2,水分利用效率提高12.89%和7.77%;各生育时期植株氮素积累量、花前氮素运转量及其对籽粒的贡献率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥当季回收率均以施氮量150 kg·hm-2显著最高,75 kg·hm-2最低,且中氮较低氮与高氮处理氮肥农学效率分别提高1.91 kg·kg-1、3.12 kg·kg-1,氮肥当季回收率提高1.74%和5.32%;此外,产量与穗数的相关性最大（r=0.906）,穗粒数居中,千粒重最小;总之,旱地小麦休闲期深翻覆盖有利于蓄水保水,提高底墒,且配施氮量为150 kg·hm-2更有利于水氮互作,促进氮素吸收、运转,达到增产、高效的目的。
In order to clarify the effect of soil surface mulching during summer fallow period on soil water, N absorption and translocation, yield, and water and N utilization affected by N appli- cation, an experiment was carried out in a wheat field in Wenxi, Shanxi Province. Three N ferti- lization levels （75, 150 and 225 kg ~ hm-2） were included under mulch and no mulch conditions in fallow period. The results showed that after mulching in fallow period, soil water storage in the depth of 0-300 cm （each 20 cm as a soil layer） at sowing stage was increased by 70-80 mm, especially below the depth of 80 cm. Soil water mature stage than at sowing stage, especially in storage in the depth of 0-300 cm was lower at the depth of 0-160 cm being 20-30 mm lower. Mulching increased the population＇ s tiller number and panicle number, and there was a signifi- cant difference between the low and high N fertilization treatments. Mulching also increased wheat＇s total water consumption by 5.68-31.30 mm, yield by 1.43%-7.16%, and water use efficiency by 1.27%-4.23%. N accumulation at different growth periods, N translocation before anthesis （NTBA） and N accumulation after anthesis （NAAA） were increased, and the N accu- mulation at different growth periods significantly differed among the different N fertilization treat- ments. Mulching improved the N agronomic efficiency and N recovery rate. The results also showed that after mulching in fallow period, the N application level of 150 kg · hm-2 was the best among the three levels in terms of yield and water use efficiency, and 75 kg · hm-2 was the low- est. Meanwhile, the 150 kg N ·hm-2 treatment had the highest N accumulation at different growth periods, NTBA and contribution of NTBA to N in grains, and the highest N agronomic ef- ficiency and N recovery rate. In addition, among the yield components, the correlation with the yield was greatest for panicle number, moderate for grain number per panicle, and the lowest for 1000-grain weight. In a word, mulching in fall
出处
《生态学杂志》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2015年第7期1823-1829,共7页
Chinese Journal of Ecology
基金
现代农业产业技术体系建设专项经费项目(CARS-03-01-24)
公益性行业科研专项经费项目(201303104)
国家自然科学基金项目(31101112)
山西省青年基金项目(2010021028-3)
山西省科技攻关项目(20140311008-3)资助
关键词
旱地小麦
夏闲期覆盖
施氮量
土壤水分
氮素吸收运转
产量
水氮利用效率
dryland wheat
mulch in fallow period
nitrogen application amount
soil water
nitrogen absorption and translocation
yield
water and nitrogen use efficiency.
