摘要
一般认为,在古代中国传统士大夫的观念中,从事司法工作往往与深文苛酷联系在一起,执法越是严密,就越是刻薄寡恩。可是,古代执法者是怎样看待自己的职业和工作的?他们的看法与外人的看法有怎样的不同?这种不同反映了怎样的社会现实?这些问题迄未受到认真的对待。研读清代资料可知,雍、乾以后,刑部法律专业化程度日益提高,法律最精的官员多系科举正途出身,兼有儒生与法吏双重身份。在长期的司法实践中,逐渐形成了群体的自我认同。他们把惩罚人与拯救人、读儒书与读法律、做俗吏与做青天、惩强暴与积阴功的关系作了辩证的理解,具有某种专业认同的性质。但是在儒家观念起主导作用的形势下,其他士大夫则仍然对他们持有刻薄和"精明自用"的批判态度。刑部官员的自我期许与他们在其他士大夫心目中形象的差异,主要基于职责的不同所带来的心态的不同。由于君主对刑部施压的不断加大,这种差异也随之加大。这是清代社会问题日趋严重,刑部在法制体系中地位空前提高在官员心态上的真实表现。
It is generally agreed among traditional literati and officialdom in the ancient time of China that those who work in judicature are normally associated with stern terms and cruelty：the more severe one behaves in execution, the harsher and less kind he appears. Nevertheless, how do the law enforcement officials think of their occupation and post？ What is the difference from the outsiders？ What kind of social reality does it reveal？ Such issues have hever been seriously treated. To study the relevant documents of the Qing Dynasty suggests that the degree of legal professionality of the Ministry then improves increasingly after the Yong and Qian periods and that those who are expertise in law are to a large extent scholars who become officials through official examinations and hence own a double status. In the long-standing practice, these officials gradually form an identity of their own. In fact, they have a dialectic understanding of their work by maintaining a balance between punishment and redemption,which bears certain professional nature. However,other officials tend to think of them being harsh and therefore hold a negative view. Such a difference in the main comes from different psychologies out of different posts. As a consequence of the increasing severity demand from monarchs,the difference widens;and up till Qing it becomes more and more severe,an impression being a real embodiment of non-legal officials.
出处
《北京师范大学学报（社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2015年第1期133-143,共11页
Journal of Beijing Normal University(Social Sciences)
关键词
清代
刑部官员
儒生
法吏
士大夫
the Qing Dynasty
official in the Ministry of Punishment
legal official
literati and officialdom
