摘要
宋朝"积弱"之说本自宋人,也是元明清乃至民国和改革开放以前较为一致的看法,并非因20世纪初中国受帝国主义国家欺凌才被特别提出。宋朝"积弱"也不意味着宋人不能打仗,实际上从战争的防御战角度来说,宋人反击辽西夏金元的"侵略"还是卓有成效的。但是为什么宋以后历代都说宋"积弱"呢?究其原因有三点:一是北宋和南宋均被金、元在短时间内灭亡。二是在所谓"和平"对峙年代与辽、西夏、金和蒙元的交往中(特别是南宋)又常常扮演乞求、赔款、苟且、退让等屈辱的角色。三是虽然宋打防御战颇有战斗力,但是宋的防御战都是对侵略者深入国境之内的顽强抵抗,也就是说在第一时间并不能阻击侵略者于国境防线之外。一个常在国境纵深地区进行顽强抵抗侵略的国家,不论抵抗有多么的卓越,也不能不是"积弱"的反映。宋朝"积弱"不能简单地归咎为军事能力的强大与否,而是统治者主观运用客观实力水平较为低下的一种反映。
The opinion of the Song Dynasty being'weak'originated from the people of the Song Dynasty,and had also been a consensus during the Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties,all the way through to the period of the Republic, and even before 1978.This topic was seldom discussed because China was bullied by the imperialist countries in early twentieth century.The'weakness'of the Song Dynasty does not mean that the Song people cannot fight. In fact,from the perspective of defensive wars,the Song people successively fought back the'aggression'of Li- ao,the Western Xia,Jin and Yuan.So why did the dynasties after the Song Dynasty all claim that Song was 'weak'?According to this author,there are three reasons.First,both the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty were defeated by Jin and Yuan,respectively,within a short time.Second,the Song Dy- nasty,especially the Southern Song Dynasty,often played the humiliating role of imploring,paying indemnity, and conceding in its diplomatic relations with Liao,the Western Xia,Jin,and Yuan in the times of'peaceful' standoff.Third,although the armies of the Song Dynasty fought effectively in their defensive wars,the battles were all deep in Songs territory,that is to say,they could not block the aggressors at the borders on the first at- tempt.A country is regarded as'weak'if it frequently defends against invaders deep inside its own territory,no matter how excellent it does in those defenses.The'weakness'of the Song Dynasty is not simply a matter of military strength,but rather a reflection of the rulers using their power in very ineffectual ways.
出处
《文史哲》
CSSCI
北大核心
2013年第6期33-42,161-162,共10页
Literature,History,and Philosophy
