摘要
铪因其优异的性能而具有非常重要的应用价值。总结了国内外金属铪的制备方法和研究现状,主要介绍了热还原法(包括镁还原、钙还原、铝还原)和熔盐电解法(包括传统的熔盐电解及直接熔盐电脱氧)制备铪的工艺流程及研究进展,并对各种方法的优劣进行了分析。热还原法利用金属镁、钙等为还原剂还原金属的氯化物或氧化物制备铪,其中,镁还原法因工艺成熟、产品质量稳定,目前是工业上生产铪的主要方法,存在的问题是工序复杂且为间歇性生产;钙还原法虽然有着过程简单,回收率高的优点,但对原料的纯度要求很高,产品纯度一般也较差;铝还原法因易生成铝铪合金不利于工业应用。熔盐电解法是在熔盐电解质中电解铪的化合物制备铪,其中,传统的熔盐电解法具有工艺流程短、操作简单、成本低的优点,存在的问题是电流效率较低;新型的熔盐电脱氧法为铪的制备提供了新思路,进一步缩短了工艺流程,存在的问题是电流效率低,脱氧不完全会导致产品中含氧量较高,这将在一定程度上限制其工业应用。除镁还原法外,目前这些制备方法多限于实验室规模的研究,今后最有希望在工业上应用的是传统的熔盐电解法,但距离产业化应用尚需进行深入研究和扩大实验验证。
Owing to its excellent properties, hafnium has very important application values. The technologies for producing hafnium metal and the present research state at home and abroad was summarized, which mainly introduced the process flow and research pro- gress of metallothermic reduction （including magnesium reduction, calcium reduction, aluminum reduction） and molten salt electroly- sis（including general molten salt electrolysis and direct electro-deoxidation）. Moreover the advantages and disadvantages analysis for them was performed. Metallothermie reduction was defined as reducing metal-chlorine or metal-oxide to prepare hafnium with magnesi- um or calcium as reducing agent. The magnesium reduction process was mature and the quality of its product was steady, so it was the main method for producing hafnium. However, the existing problem was that the procedure was complex and discontinuous; although calcium reduction procedure was simple and the recovery rate was high, it had high request for the raw material and the quality of the product was poor. Aluminum reduction was not proper for industrial application because it was easy to produce aluminum-hafnium al- loys. Molten salt electrolysis was defined as electrolysis hafnium compounds in electrolyte to produce hafnium, in that, the general mol- ten salt electrolysis had the virtue of short process flow, simple operation and low cost, but it existed the problem of low current effi- ciency. The new direct electro-deoxidation method provided a new way for producing hafnium, but there not only existed the problem of low current efficiency but also had high oxygen content in the product if not completely deoxidised, which would restrict its industrial application. Except for magnesium reduction process, other technologies were only limited to laboratory scale, the general molten salt electrolysis was the most probable to be applied in industry, and deepening research and expanding experiments should be done before commercialization.
出处
《稀有金属》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2013年第2期312-319,共8页
Chinese Journal of Rare Metals
基金
国家自然科学基金(50674015)
北京有色金属研究总院青年基金项目(53141)资助
关键词
铪
制备
进展
hafnium
preparation
progress
