摘要
文章从研究、探索中国古代标准化的起源和发展出发,通过对《考工记》中标准化应用的深入研究分析,认为:车辆起源甚早,可以追溯至黄帝时期,夏代已有制车手工业及其管理部门。车轮承载着整个车辆本身和所载重物的全部重量,是车辆最重要的部件,结构复杂。因此轮、毂、辐、牙,从选材到制作和装配必须严格,车轮检验按六道检验工序的方法标准进行。确保所制作出的车轮,各方面性能都符合规定要求,其制作工匠和检验人员谓之国工。从夏代至春秋战国时期,车辆主要用于作战。由于"列国战争必用车"而促进了制车手工业的发展,于是制车手工业标准化随之出现,并为秦代制车手工业奠定了基础。公元前221年,秦始皇下令"车同轨"、"舆六尺",标志着中国古代制车手工业进入了成熟标准化阶段。
Starting from an exploration of the origin and development of ancient Chinese standardization,this paper attempts an in-depth research on and analysis of the application of standardized handcraftsmanship as documented in Kao Gong Ji（考工记） or the Artificers＇ Record,which was the earliest document to comprehensively introduce technology and handicraft industry in ancient China.It is believed that vehicles boast quite a remote origin,dating back to as early as the Yellow Emperor＇s era.The industry of vehicle crafting and its related administrative agencies had emerged as of the Xia Dynasty（2100-1600 BC）.As the wheel carried the total weight of a vehicle and load,thus it was the most important part of a vehicle.The wheel configuration was known to be complex,requiring six meticulous working procedures and inspecting standards in aspects involving material selection,manufacturing,and assemblage of all implements such as annuluses,hubs,spokes,serrated edges,etc.In this way,the wheels that were crafted could meet the prescribed needs in various respects in terms of their capability and performance,so that the artisans and inspectors involved in the manufacturing process deserved being crowned with the title of ＂state-level master hands＂.From the Xia Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of China,vehicles mainly served a purpose of catering to warfare needs and were deemed by warlords as the most indispensable agents in warfare,which had spurred the development of the vehicle manufacturing industry and the subsequent emergence of standardized handcraftsmanship,laying a solid foundation for the development of the vehicle manufacturing industry in the Qin Dynasty later on.Finally in 221 BC,Emperor Qin Shihuang further promoted the standardization of the crafting and manufacturing of vehicles by standardizing the Chinese units of measurements such as the length of the axles of carts.
出处
《南阳师范学院学报》
CAS
2012年第4期21-25,共5页
Journal of Nanyang Normal University
关键词
考工记
手工业
制车
标准化
Kao Gong Ji（考工记）
handcraft industry
vehicle manufacturing
standardization
