摘要
现在人们普遍认为,欧盟的27个国家中存在三种主要的社会住房政策模式:"剩余"模式(residual model),主要存在于南欧及前东欧的共产主义国家,其主要特征是社会住房仅供给那些最贫穷的阶层。"一般"模式(generalist model),这一模式下,虽然受到一种或多种形式的收入和租金上额的限制,但社会住房将提供给更广大的社会群体,这种模式主要存在于德国、英国、法国和比利时。"普惠"模式(universal model),社会住房更多的以一种不带任何社会目标的"公共住房"的形式出现,其目的在于形成强大的社会租赁部门,为所有人提供大量的可支付的租赁住房。瑞典、丹麦和荷兰仍在一定程度上执行这一模式。第一部分介绍这三大模式,以及当前欧盟众多国家不同的社会住房情况。第二部分揭示了欧洲住房政策的普遍趋势以及为何走向"普惠"模式的废除,许多实行"一般"模式的国家如何向"剩余"模式靠拢及其原因。最后一部分重点是法国的情况,揭示2000年代的住房危机以及国家住房政策的主要方向是怎样向社会住房的"剩余"模式靠拢。最后,分析了这一过程对城市问题的主要影响,如社会融合和房地产的贬值。
It is now commonly acknowledged that there are three principle models of social housing policy in the 27 countries of the European Union：The ＂residual＂ model, predominant in southern Europe and parts of the former Communist countries of Eastern Europe, whose main characteristic is that it reserves access to social housing to the poorest segments of the population.The ＂generalist＂ model, in which social housing is available to a wide segment of the population, though always subject to income and rent ceilings of one form or another. This model is chiefly operative in Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Belgium.The ＂universal＂ model, in which social housing is more a form of ＂public housing＂ without any social target, but with the aim of forming the bulk of the rental sector and providing both a huge volume of rented stock and aftbrdable rents for all. This model is still partially operative in Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands.The first part of this paper describes these three models and the current social housing situation in the various EU countries.The second part shows how and why the prevailing trends in European housing policies are toward a desegregation of the universal model and, for most of the generalist countries, toward the spread of the residual model. The final section focuses on the French situation, showing how the housing crisis of the 2000s and the main orientations of national housing policy here are tending toward a ＂residualization＂ of social housing. In closing, we examine the main impact of this process on urban issues such as social integration and the depreciation of housing estates.
出处
《国际城市规划》
CSSCI
北大核心
2009年第4期22-27,共6页
Urban Planning International
基金
FP7-230824ECURBS(Euro-Chinese Urbanand Regional Bi-continentalresearch Scheme)项目资助成果
关键词
住房
社会住房
欧洲
欧盟
法国
Housing
Social Housing
Europe
European Union
France
