摘要
研究采用定性和定量相结合的研究方法,对我国体操运动员比赛过程中"Choking"的体验和归因进行调查,旨在探索体操运动员比赛过程中"Choking"的表现特征和解释机制。研究以"Chokoing"过程理论模式为设计思路,组成2个相对独立的质性调查。调查1主要探索体操运动员"Choking"过程中的体验,调查2基于调查1的发现进一步探索其体验的归因解释。采用开放式问卷,通过随机抽取的118名现役体操运动员调查信息的编码整理、文献、语言分析和数理统计研究发现,体操运动员"Choking"时,分别在行为、思维和情感3个方面表现出了14种特征,其中,行为方面主要表现为动作失去流畅的特征;思维方面表现出思维抑制、否认、幻想、接受和合理解释等特征;情感方面的特征则表现在诧异与惊讶、情感宣泄、失助性反应、后悔、自责、负罪感、焦虑和低的自我效能等体验上。进一步对信息数据的百分比统计显示,情感方面的特征最为突出,占总信息量的80.85%。调查2对体操运动员"Choking"体验的归因进行分析。根据Weiner的归因三维度模式对运动员开放性问卷中"Choking"的归因信息数据进行分类发现,体操运动员对于"Choking"的归因主要有6方面由部位×稳定性×控制性多维组合的归因,并且主要与内部非稳定的因素有关,特别是与压力状态下过度的努力有关。进一步对问卷中不同运动技术等级运动员的归因方式的频数进行卡方检验发现,不同技术等级运动员在归因方式上存在显著性差异(卡方值X^2=31.329,df =15,P=0.008<0.01)。同时,对6个失误归因方式的差异进行考察。结果表明,不同技术等级运动员在内部×不稳定×可控(卡方值X^3=8.297,df=3,P=0.04<O.05)和内部×不稳定×不可控(卡方值X^2=11.809,df=3,P=0.008<0.01)两个归因维度上均存在显著效应。健将级和一级运动员,内部不稳定因素的归因高于二级和三�
By using quantitative and qualitative analyses, this paper investigates the choking experience and its attribution among the Chinese gymnasts. The main purpose is to explore the characteristics of athletic choking phenomenon and its explaining mechanism. Based on the theory of choking process, this study is designed to contain two relatively independent investigations, in which 118 active gymnasts completed an open-questionnaire. The first investigation is focused on explore choking experience, and the second one is to search attributive explanation. The code reduction, language analysis and statistics were used to analysis the data. Study one shows that choking experiences mainly reflect 14 characteristics on behavior, thought and emotion, and mostly featuring itself with the emotional experience. Study two shows that choking under pressure mostly attribute to the factors of internal instability, specially related to excess efforts. And study two also showed that the gymnasts with different levels of skills make differences of attribution styles in choking （ X^2 = 31.329, df = 15, P = 0. 008-〈 0. 01 ）. Particularly, the differences were significant within internal × unstable × controllable （X^2 = 8.297, df=3 ,P=0. 04-0.05）and internal × unstable × uncontrollable （X^2 =11. 809,df=3,P =0. 008-0.01）.
出处
《体育科学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2009年第1期45-57,共13页
China Sport Science
