摘要
本文试图对古代社会乡村结构和性质进行宏观分析,指出传统乡村的聚居社会产生的原因有四:其一因为政治属性决定古代社会的基层组织必须是群居,即专制社会的基层管理;其二是生物学属性,即由于古代中国人草食与杂食特征,这种特征的人群自然会选择一种群居生活;其三,因为社会属性,在多子继承,平均分配财产的体制下,限制了兄弟分居的可能性,居住在一起是大多数人的选择,所以当人口增加时,村落也就变得越来越大,但以小家庭为主。其四是因为经济属性,弱小的小农有时难以备齐功能齐全的农具和畜力,使得他们之间必须聚居,便于抵御各种风险,从而限制个体家庭独立居住。因此传统乡村社会是一个需要合作的聚居社会。然而由于祖先崇拜的需要,多子继承制度下传宗接代并非欧洲与日本的长子负责,而是"人人有责",强加给所有人的都很难无风险地完成的生儿育女的负担,成为吞食弱小小农高度脆弱的单一种植业经济下有限剩余的巨大的黑洞,促成血缘和地缘共同体的实际上的瓦解,表现出强烈的临时性特征,使得中国农民的生活经常性的入不敷出,也促成了乡村原子化现象特征的产生。
Based on analysis of the structure and nature of rural society in ancient China, this paper indicates that there are four reasons for the emergence of traditional gregarious rural society： First, political nature determines gregarious basic-level social organizations; Second, biological feature determines that vegetable-eating and omnivorous people should be gregarious; Third, social nature of assets inheritance limits separation of bothers; Fourth, economic nature determines that weak small farmers could not afford all kinds of farm tools. Therefore, traditional rural society needs cooperation and should be gregarious. But the inheritance system in ancient China was that all sons could share assets, unlike that in Europe and Japan, where the eldest son inherited assets. ＂ Every body is responsible for reproduction＂ devours the limited production surplus of small farmers, and disintegrates kin and geographical community.
出处
《古今农业》
2008年第1期23-39,共17页
Ancient and Modern Agriculture
