摘要
结果回避可能性的单一定位构造容易割裂实务裁判,且会使得该理论的作用范围和解释力受到限制。引入事前判断与事后判断的视角能够打破原有的对立性思维之桎梏。这并非仅是判断时点的差异,背后承载的是“行为规范与制裁规范相结合”的思考方式。行为规范是为防止引发特定结果而确立的标准行为模式的期待,如果规则的遵守超出了行为人的可能性范围,就不能将结果回避予以义务化;制裁规范所起的作用是树立行为规范的有效性,如果行为规范的遵守对于法益侵害结果的避免是无效的,行为规范的效力就无从谈起。映射到结果回避可能性的构造上,事前的结果回避可能性应作为注意义务的前提问题,囊括注意义务的履行必要性和履行可能性的双重判断,如果其被否定,就不能确立过失犯中的行为规范;事后的结果回避可能性应作为结果归责的问题,本质上是在确认注意义务的履行有效性,如果其被否定,就不能发动过失犯中的制裁规范。通过阐明背后的法理,能够在规范论上对结果回避可能性作出新的解读。
Result avoidance possibility is an indispensable element of negligent crimes.With regard to its structure,there are many representative schemes,such as the theory of behavior,the theory of violation of the duty of care(or the theory of perpetrating act),the theory of result,the theory of conditional relation,and the theory of result imputation.Although various kinds of schemes fully demonstrate the problem consciousness of the theorists,they have left many questions in systematic thinking unanswered.The single-positioning structure can easily split the practical judgment and greatly limit the scope of application and explanatory power of result avoidance possibility,so it is necessary to consider the possibility of integration of the above opposing schemes.The difficulty of the“integration theory”lies in finding a suitable integration path and a legal basis.The introduction of the perspective of ex-ante judgment and expost judgment can break the existing shackles of oppositional thinking,which is not only a different point of judging time but also the“combination of behavior norms and sanctions norms”thinking behind it.A behavior norm is the expectation of the standard behavior pattern established to prevent specific results.If compliance with the rule exceeds the actor’s range of possibility,the result avoidance cannot be made obligatory.The purpose of sanction norms is to ensure the effectiveness of behavior norms.If the compliance with behavior norms is ineffective in avoiding the result of infringement on legal interests,the effectiveness of behavior norms is out of the question.Reflected in the structure of result avoidance possibility,the ex-ante result avoidance possibility should be regarded as the premise of the duty of care that includes the dual judgment of the necessity and possibility of the performance of the duty of care.If it is negated,the behavior norms in negligent crime cannot be established.The judgment logic of the necessity of the performance of the duty of care is no(objective)fo
出处
《环球法律评论》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第4期141-157,共17页
Global Law Review
