摘要
《行政诉讼法》上的“举证责任”包含着主观性和客观性举证责任的内容。原告的提供证据责任同样属于举证责任性质,但原被告在举证责任的分配上并非正相反的关系,存在被告举证责任范围过宽、原告举证责任范围过窄的问题。举证责任的分配是由行政实体法决定的。按照法律要件分类说的指引,可对行政诉讼法上的举证责任再分配。对于侵益性行政行为,由被告对其合法性的根据事实承担举证责任;对于授益性行政行为,不仅需要由原告对提出过履职申请承担举证责任,还需要由原告对符合申请条件承担举证责任,如此才能促进案件的真正解决。对于法律规范是否有利于私人,需要在宪法秩序下结合法律规范的目的、效果等展开判断。在行政裁量案件、行政行为无效案件、证据偏在型案件中,法院应区分事实与评价、主要事实与间接事实,准确把握待证事实的属性,在保持举证责任单方性的前提下,要求行政机关履行调查义务和说明责任,私人履行协力义务,促进案件事实的澄清。
“Burden of proof”in the Administrative Litigation Law contains both subjective and objective elements of the burden of proof.The plaintiff's responsibility to provide evidence also belongs to the nature of the burden of proof,but the burden of proof between the plaintiff and the defendant is not in the opposite relationship.The problem is that the scope of the defendant's burden of proof is too wide,while the scope of the plaintiff's burden of proof is too narrow.The distribution of the burden of proof is determined by the administrative substantive law.According to the guidelines of the theory of classification of legal elements,the burden of proof in the administrative litigation law can be redistributed.In the case of harmful administrative acts,the defendant bears the burden of proof of the fact of legality;in the case of beneficial administrative acts,not only does the plaintiff need to bear the burden of proof that the plaintiff has filed an application for the defendant to fulfill its duty,but also that the plaintiff meets the legal conditions for filing an application,so as to really promote the resolution of the case.In determining whether the law favor private parties,the purpose and effect of the law should be considered under the constitutional order.In cases of administrative discretionary acts,administrative void acts,and evidence bias,the court should distinguish between facts and evaluations,primary facts and indirect facts,accurately grasp the attributes of the facts to be proved,and demand that the administrative organ fulfill its duty of investigation and explanation,and that the private fulfill its duty of cooperation while maintaining the unilateral nature of the burden of proof,in order to promote the clarification of the facts of the case.
出处
《法制与社会发展》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第6期95-110,共16页
Law and Social Development
关键词
举证责任
法律要件分类说
宪法秩序
调查义务
说明责任
协力义务
Burden of Proof
Theory of Classification of Legal Elements
Constitutional Order
Duty of Investigation
Responsibility of Explanation
Duty of Cooperation
