This article reviewed the advance in aquatic animal pigmentation, including theory and practice of pigmentation. Color plays a very important role in determining quality and price of cultured fish, shrimp and other aq...This article reviewed the advance in aquatic animal pigmentation, including theory and practice of pigmentation. Color plays a very important role in determining quality and price of cultured fish, shrimp and other aquatic animals. The beautiful color of red, orange, yellow is due to a group of pigments named carotenoids, which could not be obtained from de novo synthesis by these animals, but directly from diets. Astaxanthin and lutein are main pigments existing in aquatic animals, so adding such carotenoids in artificial diets is an important way to improve the color of skin and flesh. On the basis of where astaxanthin is biosynthesized, aquatic animals could be divided into 3 types, red carp type, sea bream type and prawn type. For prawn type, including prawn, crab, lobster and other crustaceans in which astaxanthin is the main carotenoid, color could be improved by feeding [WTBZ]β-carotene, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein, but astaxanthin and canthaxanthin are more effective. For red carp type, including red carp, goldfish, fancy red carp and most freshwater fishes, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein could be fed, but only astaxanthin, canthaxanthin could be fed to the third type including sea bream and salmonids, and the adding level of these pigments is about 50-100 mg·kg -1. There are 2 kinds of pigments could be used in aquatic feeds, carotenoids additives and natural feedstuffs rich in carotenoids, such as green alga, yeast Phaffia rhodozyma, and shrimp waste. Many factors affect the pigmentation of aquatic animals, which includes the species, size and physiological situation of animals, diets composition, source and kinds of pigments. Other factors such as feeding rate, water temperature, and brightness also play some roles in color formation of aquatic animals. So, attention must be paid to satisfy pigmentation for aquatic animals. Compared with Western countries, the research and use of aquatic animals pigmentation in China are late and superficial, but develop rapid展开更多
经克隆测序获得了采自长江口九段沙、钱塘江口、舟山等3个地点35尾刀鲚（Coilia nasus）的mtDNA控制区全序列,分析了控制区序列的变异和遗传结构。结果显示,长江口邻近水域刀鲚的mtDNA控制区序列具有长度多态性,全长为1214-1291bp,主要...经克隆测序获得了采自长江口九段沙、钱塘江口、舟山等3个地点35尾刀鲚（Coilia nasus）的mtDNA控制区全序列,分析了控制区序列的变异和遗传结构。结果显示,长江口邻近水域刀鲚的mtDNA控制区序列具有长度多态性,全长为1214-1291bp,主要是在第358位点处有以“CTA TGT ATT ATA TTA CAT ATA TTA TGG TAT AGT ACA TA”38bp为单位的1-2次片段重复。种群遗传结构分析显示,长江口邻近水域刀鲚的平均单倍型多样性（h）为0.9983,3个群体的平均核苷酸多样性（π）为0.0262,表现出丰富的遗传多样性和较高的进化潜力。3个刀鲚群体间的分化指数FST仅为0.012-0.053,而基因交流值Nm却达9.90-40.62。群体间K2-P遗传距离与AMOVA分析结果也表明,长江口及毗邻地区的刀鲚没有发生地理分化。以线粒体DNA控制区全序列构建的NJ树揭示,3个群体的个体组成了2个谱系,但这2个谱系与地理分群并不相关。依据分子钟理论,推测这两个谱系的分化发生在更新世末期。展开更多
文摘This article reviewed the advance in aquatic animal pigmentation, including theory and practice of pigmentation. Color plays a very important role in determining quality and price of cultured fish, shrimp and other aquatic animals. The beautiful color of red, orange, yellow is due to a group of pigments named carotenoids, which could not be obtained from de novo synthesis by these animals, but directly from diets. Astaxanthin and lutein are main pigments existing in aquatic animals, so adding such carotenoids in artificial diets is an important way to improve the color of skin and flesh. On the basis of where astaxanthin is biosynthesized, aquatic animals could be divided into 3 types, red carp type, sea bream type and prawn type. For prawn type, including prawn, crab, lobster and other crustaceans in which astaxanthin is the main carotenoid, color could be improved by feeding [WTBZ]β-carotene, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein, but astaxanthin and canthaxanthin are more effective. For red carp type, including red carp, goldfish, fancy red carp and most freshwater fishes, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein could be fed, but only astaxanthin, canthaxanthin could be fed to the third type including sea bream and salmonids, and the adding level of these pigments is about 50-100 mg·kg -1. There are 2 kinds of pigments could be used in aquatic feeds, carotenoids additives and natural feedstuffs rich in carotenoids, such as green alga, yeast Phaffia rhodozyma, and shrimp waste. Many factors affect the pigmentation of aquatic animals, which includes the species, size and physiological situation of animals, diets composition, source and kinds of pigments. Other factors such as feeding rate, water temperature, and brightness also play some roles in color formation of aquatic animals. So, attention must be paid to satisfy pigmentation for aquatic animals. Compared with Western countries, the research and use of aquatic animals pigmentation in China are late and superficial, but develop rapid
文摘经克隆测序获得了采自长江口九段沙、钱塘江口、舟山等3个地点35尾刀鲚（Coilia nasus）的mtDNA控制区全序列,分析了控制区序列的变异和遗传结构。结果显示,长江口邻近水域刀鲚的mtDNA控制区序列具有长度多态性,全长为1214-1291bp,主要是在第358位点处有以“CTA TGT ATT ATA TTA CAT ATA TTA TGG TAT AGT ACA TA”38bp为单位的1-2次片段重复。种群遗传结构分析显示,长江口邻近水域刀鲚的平均单倍型多样性（h）为0.9983,3个群体的平均核苷酸多样性（π）为0.0262,表现出丰富的遗传多样性和较高的进化潜力。3个刀鲚群体间的分化指数FST仅为0.012-0.053,而基因交流值Nm却达9.90-40.62。群体间K2-P遗传距离与AMOVA分析结果也表明,长江口及毗邻地区的刀鲚没有发生地理分化。以线粒体DNA控制区全序列构建的NJ树揭示,3个群体的个体组成了2个谱系,但这2个谱系与地理分群并不相关。依据分子钟理论,推测这两个谱系的分化发生在更新世末期。
