According to bench test results of fuel economy and engine emission for thereal power-train system of EQ7200HEV car. a 3-D performance map oriented quasi-linear model isdeveloped for the configuration of the powertrai...According to bench test results of fuel economy and engine emission for thereal power-train system of EQ7200HEV car. a 3-D performance map oriented quasi-linear model isdeveloped for the configuration of the powertrain components such as internal combustion engine,traction electric motor, transmission, main retarder and energy storage unit. A genetic algorithmbased on optimization procedure is proposed and applied for parametric optimization of the keycomponents by consideration of requirements of some driving cycles. Through comparison of numericalresults obtained by the genetic algorithm with those by traditional optimization methods, it isshown that the present approach is quite effective and efficient in emission reduction and fueleconomy for the design of the hybrid electric car powertrain.展开更多
This paper describes a concept for an independent and redundant safety concept for Lithium batteries in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles. This concept includes an emergency cooling system based on pressurized car...This paper describes a concept for an independent and redundant safety concept for Lithium batteries in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles. This concept includes an emergency cooling system based on pressurized carbon dioxide (CO2). Since carbon dioxide (CO2) is a possible medium of future mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems, the MAC system can be utilized for the one-time emergency cooling described in this paper. In the first part of the paper, some major safety aspects of automotive Li batteries are highlighted. In the second section, the paper describes a technical approach, how these batteries can be made safer. Pressurized CO2, which is a promising candidate for cooling liquids used in future mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems, is used to effectively cool down an overheating or up-heating battery in a critical state. The safety system thereby is not based on an electrical effect, but on a direct and fast-reacting thermal conduction, avoiding a thermal runaway of individual cells. The application of the proposed system is to act preventively just before the thermal runaway gets uncontrollable. In this case, the limited amount of CO2, which is available in the MAC system, fulfils the emergency cooling requirements. The combination of standard car components for the concept leads to an only moderate increase of the total weight and the additional system costs. Therefore, the described system might be of interest for car, battery and air conditioning system producers. This paper explains that the synergetic combination of CO2-based MAC systems and Li-based batteries is an innovative approach to improve environmental compatibility in future vehicles. The concept is proven experimentally on a lab scale with battery cells and battery packs consisting of four serially connected cells, respectively.展开更多
This paper reviews various hybrid excited(HE)machines from the perspective of location of PM and DC excitation,series/parallel connection of PM and DC excited magnetic fields,and 2D/3D magnetic fields,respectively.The...This paper reviews various hybrid excited(HE)machines from the perspective of location of PM and DC excitation,series/parallel connection of PM and DC excited magnetic fields,and 2D/3D magnetic fields,respectively.The advantages as well as drawbacks of each category are analyzed.Since an additional control degree,i.e.DC excitation,is introduced in the HE machine,the flux weakening control strategies are more complex.The flux weakening performance as well as efficiency are compared with different control strategies.Then,the potential to mitigate the risk of uncontrolled overvoltage fault at high speed operation is highlighted by controlling the field excitation.Since additional DC coils are usually required for HE machines compared with pure PM excitation,the spatial confliction inevitably results in electromagnetic performance reduction.Finally,the technique to integrate the field and armature windings with open-winding drive circuit is introduced,and novel HE machines without a DC coil are summarized.展开更多
This paper develops a parallel hybrid electric vehicle(PHEV)propor-tional integral controller with driving cycle.To improve fuel efficiency and reduce hazardous emissions in hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs)combine an ele...This paper develops a parallel hybrid electric vehicle(PHEV)propor-tional integral controller with driving cycle.To improve fuel efficiency and reduce hazardous emissions in hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs)combine an electric motor(EM),a battery and an internal combustion engine(ICE).The electric motor assists the engine when accelerating,driving longer highways or climbing hills.This enables the use of a smaller,more efficient engine.It also makes use of the concept of regenerative braking to maximize energy efficiency.In a Hybrid Electric Vehicle(HEV),energy dissipated while braking is utilized to charge the battery.The proportional integral controller was used in this paper to analyze engine,motor performance and the New European Driving Cycle(NEDC)was used in the vehicle driving test using Matlab/Simulink.The proportional integral controllers were designed to track the desired vehicle speed and manage the vehi-cle’s energyflow.The Sea Lion Optimization(SLnO)methods were created to reduce fuel consumption in a parallel hybrid electric vehicle and the results were obtained for the New European Driving Cycle.展开更多
This review article describes the basic concepts of electric vehicles(EVs)and explains the developments made from ancient times to till date leading to performance improvement of the electric vehicles.It also presents...This review article describes the basic concepts of electric vehicles(EVs)and explains the developments made from ancient times to till date leading to performance improvement of the electric vehicles.It also presents the thorough review of various components and energy storage system(ESS)used in electric vehicles.The main focus of the paper is on batteries as it is the key component in making electric vehicles more environment-friendly,cost-effective and drives the EVs into use in day to day life.Various ESS topologies including hybrid combination technologies such as hybrid electric vehicle(HEV),plug-in HEV(PHEV)and many more have been discussed.These technologies are based on different combinations of energy storage systems such as batteries,ultracapacitors and fuel cells.The hybrid combination may be the perspective technologies to support the growth of EVs in modern transportation.The advanced charging systems may also play a major role in the roll-out of electric vehicles in the future.The general strategies of advanced charging systems are explained to highlight the importance of fast charging time with high amount of power and its cost-effectiveness for electric vehicles.Furthermore,the battery pack designing calculation is briefly explained along with all mechanical,electrical and environmental battery tests,which helps in the evaluation of batteries.Moreover,this paper also has a brief summarizing with the help of a flow chart,which clearly demonstrates all the parts of electric vehicles in a much simpler way.展开更多
An over-modulation based vector control strategy for interior permanent magnet synchronous machine（ IPMSM） is proposed and investigated. The strategy increases the reference flux weakening voltage to improve efficie...An over-modulation based vector control strategy for interior permanent magnet synchronous machine（ IPMSM） is proposed and investigated. The strategy increases the reference flux weakening voltage to improve efficiency in flux weakening region of IPMSMwith the same dynamic torque response performance in standard SV Mtechnique. The relationship between dynamic torque performance and the reference flux weakening voltage is also discussed. In order to achieve fast and smooth shift process,the torque response must be less than 20 ms in the parallel hybrid electric vehicle（ HEV）,according to this,modeling and experimental studies were carried out. The results show that the proposed strategy can achieve the same dynamic and steady state torque performance with higher reference flux weakening voltage,which means higher efficiency.展开更多
能量管理对于提高混合动力电动汽车(Hybrid electric vehicles,HEVs)的燃油经济性、驾驶性能及减少排放具有至关重要的作用.本文对混合动力电动汽车能量管理问题的研究进展及现状进行了全面总结,从不同角度对混合动力电动汽车的能量管...能量管理对于提高混合动力电动汽车(Hybrid electric vehicles,HEVs)的燃油经济性、驾驶性能及减少排放具有至关重要的作用.本文对混合动力电动汽车能量管理问题的研究进展及现状进行了全面总结,从不同角度对混合动力电动汽车的能量管理问题进行描述,并对主要能量管理策略进行了分析和对比研究,指出各种控制方法的优点及其存在的问题与不足,最后对混合动力电动汽车能量管理策略研究的未来发展方向进行了展望.展开更多
文摘According to bench test results of fuel economy and engine emission for thereal power-train system of EQ7200HEV car. a 3-D performance map oriented quasi-linear model isdeveloped for the configuration of the powertrain components such as internal combustion engine,traction electric motor, transmission, main retarder and energy storage unit. A genetic algorithmbased on optimization procedure is proposed and applied for parametric optimization of the keycomponents by consideration of requirements of some driving cycles. Through comparison of numericalresults obtained by the genetic algorithm with those by traditional optimization methods, it isshown that the present approach is quite effective and efficient in emission reduction and fueleconomy for the design of the hybrid electric car powertrain.
文摘This paper describes a concept for an independent and redundant safety concept for Lithium batteries in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles. This concept includes an emergency cooling system based on pressurized carbon dioxide (CO2). Since carbon dioxide (CO2) is a possible medium of future mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems, the MAC system can be utilized for the one-time emergency cooling described in this paper. In the first part of the paper, some major safety aspects of automotive Li batteries are highlighted. In the second section, the paper describes a technical approach, how these batteries can be made safer. Pressurized CO2, which is a promising candidate for cooling liquids used in future mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems, is used to effectively cool down an overheating or up-heating battery in a critical state. The safety system thereby is not based on an electrical effect, but on a direct and fast-reacting thermal conduction, avoiding a thermal runaway of individual cells. The application of the proposed system is to act preventively just before the thermal runaway gets uncontrollable. In this case, the limited amount of CO2, which is available in the MAC system, fulfils the emergency cooling requirements. The combination of standard car components for the concept leads to an only moderate increase of the total weight and the additional system costs. Therefore, the described system might be of interest for car, battery and air conditioning system producers. This paper explains that the synergetic combination of CO2-based MAC systems and Li-based batteries is an innovative approach to improve environmental compatibility in future vehicles. The concept is proven experimentally on a lab scale with battery cells and battery packs consisting of four serially connected cells, respectively.
文摘This paper reviews various hybrid excited(HE)machines from the perspective of location of PM and DC excitation,series/parallel connection of PM and DC excited magnetic fields,and 2D/3D magnetic fields,respectively.The advantages as well as drawbacks of each category are analyzed.Since an additional control degree,i.e.DC excitation,is introduced in the HE machine,the flux weakening control strategies are more complex.The flux weakening performance as well as efficiency are compared with different control strategies.Then,the potential to mitigate the risk of uncontrolled overvoltage fault at high speed operation is highlighted by controlling the field excitation.Since additional DC coils are usually required for HE machines compared with pure PM excitation,the spatial confliction inevitably results in electromagnetic performance reduction.Finally,the technique to integrate the field and armature windings with open-winding drive circuit is introduced,and novel HE machines without a DC coil are summarized.
文摘This paper develops a parallel hybrid electric vehicle(PHEV)propor-tional integral controller with driving cycle.To improve fuel efficiency and reduce hazardous emissions in hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs)combine an electric motor(EM),a battery and an internal combustion engine(ICE).The electric motor assists the engine when accelerating,driving longer highways or climbing hills.This enables the use of a smaller,more efficient engine.It also makes use of the concept of regenerative braking to maximize energy efficiency.In a Hybrid Electric Vehicle(HEV),energy dissipated while braking is utilized to charge the battery.The proportional integral controller was used in this paper to analyze engine,motor performance and the New European Driving Cycle(NEDC)was used in the vehicle driving test using Matlab/Simulink.The proportional integral controllers were designed to track the desired vehicle speed and manage the vehi-cle’s energyflow.The Sea Lion Optimization(SLnO)methods were created to reduce fuel consumption in a parallel hybrid electric vehicle and the results were obtained for the New European Driving Cycle.
基金Lithium-ion Batteries Technology Lab,Department of Applied Physics,Delhi Technological University,New Delhi for providing support to carry out this research work。
文摘This review article describes the basic concepts of electric vehicles(EVs)and explains the developments made from ancient times to till date leading to performance improvement of the electric vehicles.It also presents the thorough review of various components and energy storage system(ESS)used in electric vehicles.The main focus of the paper is on batteries as it is the key component in making electric vehicles more environment-friendly,cost-effective and drives the EVs into use in day to day life.Various ESS topologies including hybrid combination technologies such as hybrid electric vehicle(HEV),plug-in HEV(PHEV)and many more have been discussed.These technologies are based on different combinations of energy storage systems such as batteries,ultracapacitors and fuel cells.The hybrid combination may be the perspective technologies to support the growth of EVs in modern transportation.The advanced charging systems may also play a major role in the roll-out of electric vehicles in the future.The general strategies of advanced charging systems are explained to highlight the importance of fast charging time with high amount of power and its cost-effectiveness for electric vehicles.Furthermore,the battery pack designing calculation is briefly explained along with all mechanical,electrical and environmental battery tests,which helps in the evaluation of batteries.Moreover,this paper also has a brief summarizing with the help of a flow chart,which clearly demonstrates all the parts of electric vehicles in a much simpler way.
文摘An over-modulation based vector control strategy for interior permanent magnet synchronous machine（ IPMSM） is proposed and investigated. The strategy increases the reference flux weakening voltage to improve efficiency in flux weakening region of IPMSMwith the same dynamic torque response performance in standard SV Mtechnique. The relationship between dynamic torque performance and the reference flux weakening voltage is also discussed. In order to achieve fast and smooth shift process,the torque response must be less than 20 ms in the parallel hybrid electric vehicle（ HEV）,according to this,modeling and experimental studies were carried out. The results show that the proposed strategy can achieve the same dynamic and steady state torque performance with higher reference flux weakening voltage,which means higher efficiency.
文摘能量管理对于提高混合动力电动汽车(Hybrid electric vehicles,HEVs)的燃油经济性、驾驶性能及减少排放具有至关重要的作用.本文对混合动力电动汽车能量管理问题的研究进展及现状进行了全面总结,从不同角度对混合动力电动汽车的能量管理问题进行描述,并对主要能量管理策略进行了分析和对比研究,指出各种控制方法的优点及其存在的问题与不足,最后对混合动力电动汽车能量管理策略研究的未来发展方向进行了展望.
