A genetic study was carried out on spadefoot toads (Pelobates syriacus) from habitats of various locations and altitudes in northern Israel. Cytochrome b and 12S were amplified by PCR for the analysis of genetic varia...A genetic study was carried out on spadefoot toads (Pelobates syriacus) from habitats of various locations and altitudes in northern Israel. Cytochrome b and 12S were amplified by PCR for the analysis of genetic variation based on five DNA polymorphisms and for RAPD PCR. The nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial DNA fragments were determined from a 460 bp clone of cytochrome b and a 380 bp clone of 12S (GenBank accession numbers, FJ595199-FJ59-5203). No genetic variation was found among the populations with regard to 12S. According to the analysis of five sequences using Arlequin software, there was a high gene identity among the populations (98.7%-99.6%). Both populations, Elrom Pond breeding site, at the highest altitude and Fara Pond, at the lowest, had the lowest identities as compared to other populations. The DNA variation among P. syri-acus populations from various breeding sites, according to band sharing (BS), when using the OP-4 primer, was 0.92-1.00. Similarity was low between the population of Elrom Pond and the populations of Kash Pond, Raihania Pond and Sasa Pond (0.92 BS), as well as between the population of Fara Pond at the lowest altitude, and the populations of Kash Pond, Raihania Pond and Sasa Pond (0.92 BS). Similar results were obtained when comparing the results obtained using primer OPA-3. The lowest similarity was found between populations of the highest altitude (Elrom Pond) and lowest altitude (Fara Pond), relative to the other ponds (Kash Pond, Raihania Pond and Sasa Pond) with a BS of 0.93.展开更多
Predators induce plastic responses in multiple prey taxa, ranging from morphological to behavioral or physiological changes. In amphibians, tadpoles activate plastic responses to reduce predation risk by reducing thei...Predators induce plastic responses in multiple prey taxa, ranging from morphological to behavioral or physiological changes. In amphibians, tadpoles activate plastic responses to reduce predation risk by reducing their activity rate and altering their morphology, specifically tail depth and pigmentation. Furthermore, there is now evidence that tadpoles＇ defenses are modi- fied when predators combine with other stressful factors such as pollutants or competitors, but our knowledge on the physiologi- cal responses underlying these responses is still scarce. Here we study physiological responses in Pelobates cultripes tadpoles exposed to a natural predator （larvae of the aquatic beetle Dytiscus circumflexus）, non-lethal concentrations of herbicide （gly- phosate, 0.5 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L） or both factors combined. We measured corticosterone levels, standard metabolic rate, oxidative damage （TBARS） and activity of antioxidant enzymes, and immune response （via leukocyte count）. Tadpoles reduced their corti- costerone concentration by ca. 24% in the presence of predator cues, whereas corticosterone did not change in the presence of glyphosate. Two enzymes involved in antioxidant response also decreased in the presence of predators （14.7% and 13.2% respec- tively） but not to glyphosate. Herbicide, however, increased the number of neutrophils and reduced that of lymphocytes, and had an interaction effect with predator presence. Standard metabolic rate did not vary across treatments in our experiment. Thus we show a marked physiological response to the presence of predators but little evidence for interaction between predators and low levels of herbicide. Multiple assessment of the physiological state of animals is important to understand the basis and conse- quences ofphenotypic plasticity展开更多
【目的】对1例中华蟾蜍多脏器寄生虫感染临床案例进行病理诊断并通过分子生物学鉴定其物种分类。【方法】对实验室饲养的1只消瘦、拒食后发生死亡的雌性中华蟾蜍进行解剖观察,病理组织学研究,采用蠕虫剖检法、结节压片法对分离获得的虫...【目的】对1例中华蟾蜍多脏器寄生虫感染临床案例进行病理诊断并通过分子生物学鉴定其物种分类。【方法】对实验室饲养的1只消瘦、拒食后发生死亡的雌性中华蟾蜍进行解剖观察,病理组织学研究,采用蠕虫剖检法、结节压片法对分离获得的虫体进行形态学观察研究,并进行分子生物学鉴定。【结果】剖检发现蟾蜍心脏、肝脏等脏器及多系膜寄生棘头虫,未在蟾蜍体内发现线虫、吸虫等其他蠕虫寄生。HE染色结果显示,棘头虫的感染寄生造成了蟾蜍肺脏、肝脏等多脏器的机械性损伤、炎性反应,其中肠壁黏膜发生严重损坏脱落。通过PCR扩增其细胞色素c氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(cytochrome c oxidase subunitⅠ,COⅠ)基因片段,获得5株不同部位的目的虫株COⅠ基因目的片段,经对比发现,鉴定的棘头虫均为同一种棘头虫,且其GC含量在40.14%~40.83%之间。选取JS-01株进行NCBI-BLAST比对,与似矛球吻棘头虫(Sphaerirostris lanceoide,登录号:MG931943.1)相似性最高,为99.5%。借助分子生物学分析并结合形态学观察结果确定其为似矛球吻棘头虫。【结论】似矛球吻棘头虫的大量感染寄生造成了蟾蜍的死亡,本试验结果可为药用蟾蜍棘头虫病的防控提供临床症状、病理、分子生物学等方面的参考,对两栖动物似矛球吻棘头虫的诊断与研究具有参考价值。展开更多
Toads and lizards have been a part of our ecosystems for millions of years and they are good indicators of environmental health. Toads and lizards can be infected by different types of parasites; blood parasites are o...Toads and lizards have been a part of our ecosystems for millions of years and they are good indicators of environmental health. Toads and lizards can be infected by different types of parasites; blood parasites are one of the most important parasites. The present study was conducted to survey and identify different blood parasites in Mabuya sp. lizard and Buforegularis toad in two locations in Khartoum state. Fifteen samples of Mabuya sp and fifteen samples of Buforegularis were collected. All Toads and lizards were dissected and tissue from spleen and liver were examined. The microscopic diagnosis detected Sauroleishmania and Haemogregarina spp parasites in both Mabuya and B. regularis while Microfilariae spp was detected in Mabuya sp. Trypanosoma spp was detected in only one specimen of B. regularis. The results also indicated Sauroleishmania parasites and Haemogregarina spp parasites in the sampled toads and lizards in the two locations. The study of blood parasites and their effects in diversity and health of toads and lizards is necessary to determine the impacts of infections in these animals and the use of the results as indicator of hemoparasites in the environmental as well as the food chain.展开更多
文摘A genetic study was carried out on spadefoot toads (Pelobates syriacus) from habitats of various locations and altitudes in northern Israel. Cytochrome b and 12S were amplified by PCR for the analysis of genetic variation based on five DNA polymorphisms and for RAPD PCR. The nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial DNA fragments were determined from a 460 bp clone of cytochrome b and a 380 bp clone of 12S (GenBank accession numbers, FJ595199-FJ59-5203). No genetic variation was found among the populations with regard to 12S. According to the analysis of five sequences using Arlequin software, there was a high gene identity among the populations (98.7%-99.6%). Both populations, Elrom Pond breeding site, at the highest altitude and Fara Pond, at the lowest, had the lowest identities as compared to other populations. The DNA variation among P. syri-acus populations from various breeding sites, according to band sharing (BS), when using the OP-4 primer, was 0.92-1.00. Similarity was low between the population of Elrom Pond and the populations of Kash Pond, Raihania Pond and Sasa Pond (0.92 BS), as well as between the population of Fara Pond at the lowest altitude, and the populations of Kash Pond, Raihania Pond and Sasa Pond (0.92 BS). Similar results were obtained when comparing the results obtained using primer OPA-3. The lowest similarity was found between populations of the highest altitude (Elrom Pond) and lowest altitude (Fara Pond), relative to the other ponds (Kash Pond, Raihania Pond and Sasa Pond) with a BS of 0.93.
文摘Predators induce plastic responses in multiple prey taxa, ranging from morphological to behavioral or physiological changes. In amphibians, tadpoles activate plastic responses to reduce predation risk by reducing their activity rate and altering their morphology, specifically tail depth and pigmentation. Furthermore, there is now evidence that tadpoles＇ defenses are modi- fied when predators combine with other stressful factors such as pollutants or competitors, but our knowledge on the physiologi- cal responses underlying these responses is still scarce. Here we study physiological responses in Pelobates cultripes tadpoles exposed to a natural predator （larvae of the aquatic beetle Dytiscus circumflexus）, non-lethal concentrations of herbicide （gly- phosate, 0.5 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L） or both factors combined. We measured corticosterone levels, standard metabolic rate, oxidative damage （TBARS） and activity of antioxidant enzymes, and immune response （via leukocyte count）. Tadpoles reduced their corti- costerone concentration by ca. 24% in the presence of predator cues, whereas corticosterone did not change in the presence of glyphosate. Two enzymes involved in antioxidant response also decreased in the presence of predators （14.7% and 13.2% respec- tively） but not to glyphosate. Herbicide, however, increased the number of neutrophils and reduced that of lymphocytes, and had an interaction effect with predator presence. Standard metabolic rate did not vary across treatments in our experiment. Thus we show a marked physiological response to the presence of predators but little evidence for interaction between predators and low levels of herbicide. Multiple assessment of the physiological state of animals is important to understand the basis and conse- quences ofphenotypic plasticity
文摘【目的】对1例中华蟾蜍多脏器寄生虫感染临床案例进行病理诊断并通过分子生物学鉴定其物种分类。【方法】对实验室饲养的1只消瘦、拒食后发生死亡的雌性中华蟾蜍进行解剖观察,病理组织学研究,采用蠕虫剖检法、结节压片法对分离获得的虫体进行形态学观察研究,并进行分子生物学鉴定。【结果】剖检发现蟾蜍心脏、肝脏等脏器及多系膜寄生棘头虫,未在蟾蜍体内发现线虫、吸虫等其他蠕虫寄生。HE染色结果显示,棘头虫的感染寄生造成了蟾蜍肺脏、肝脏等多脏器的机械性损伤、炎性反应,其中肠壁黏膜发生严重损坏脱落。通过PCR扩增其细胞色素c氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(cytochrome c oxidase subunitⅠ,COⅠ)基因片段,获得5株不同部位的目的虫株COⅠ基因目的片段,经对比发现,鉴定的棘头虫均为同一种棘头虫,且其GC含量在40.14%~40.83%之间。选取JS-01株进行NCBI-BLAST比对,与似矛球吻棘头虫(Sphaerirostris lanceoide,登录号:MG931943.1)相似性最高,为99.5%。借助分子生物学分析并结合形态学观察结果确定其为似矛球吻棘头虫。【结论】似矛球吻棘头虫的大量感染寄生造成了蟾蜍的死亡,本试验结果可为药用蟾蜍棘头虫病的防控提供临床症状、病理、分子生物学等方面的参考,对两栖动物似矛球吻棘头虫的诊断与研究具有参考价值。
文摘Toads and lizards have been a part of our ecosystems for millions of years and they are good indicators of environmental health. Toads and lizards can be infected by different types of parasites; blood parasites are one of the most important parasites. The present study was conducted to survey and identify different blood parasites in Mabuya sp. lizard and Buforegularis toad in two locations in Khartoum state. Fifteen samples of Mabuya sp and fifteen samples of Buforegularis were collected. All Toads and lizards were dissected and tissue from spleen and liver were examined. The microscopic diagnosis detected Sauroleishmania and Haemogregarina spp parasites in both Mabuya and B. regularis while Microfilariae spp was detected in Mabuya sp. Trypanosoma spp was detected in only one specimen of B. regularis. The results also indicated Sauroleishmania parasites and Haemogregarina spp parasites in the sampled toads and lizards in the two locations. The study of blood parasites and their effects in diversity and health of toads and lizards is necessary to determine the impacts of infections in these animals and the use of the results as indicator of hemoparasites in the environmental as well as the food chain.
