Background：China has achieved universal health insurance coverage.This study examined how patients and hospitals react to the different designs of the plans and to monitoring of patients by the local authority in the...Background：China has achieved universal health insurance coverage.This study examined how patients and hospitals react to the different designs of the plans and to monitoring of patients by the local authority in the Chinese multiple health security schemes.Methods：The sample for analysis consisted of 1006 orthopedic inpatients who were admitted between January and December 2011 at a tertiary teaching hospital located in Beijing.We conducted general linear regression analyses to investigate whether medical expenditure and length of stay differed according to the different incentives.Results：Patients under plans with lower copayment rates consumed significantly more medication compared with those under plans with higher copayment rates.Under plans with an annual ceiling for insurance coverage,patients spent significantly more in the second half of the year than in the first half of the year.The length of stay was shorter among patients when there were government monitoring and a penalty to the hospital service provider.Conclusions：Our results indicate that the different designs and monitoring of the health security systems in China cause opportunistic behavior by patients and providers.Reformation is necessary to reduce those incentives,and improve equity and efficiency in healthcare use.展开更多
Frequent extreme weather events like drought, etc. in the context of climate change present huge challenges to agricultural production. To find out if farmers have taken measures against them and identify governments...Frequent extreme weather events like drought, etc. in the context of climate change present huge challenges to agricultural production. To find out if farmers have taken measures against them and identify governments＇ impact on their response measures are the foundation of and key to further improving relevant policies and farmers＇ responsiveness. Taking the North China Plain as an example, the study analyzes farmers＇ responses to fre- quent climate change-induced drought, and assesses the impacts of governments＇ early- warning, policy support and other factors on farmers＇ responses based on questionnaire survey data and an econometric approach. The results show that： （1） Farmers are responsive to drought, and they are more likely to take measures as the degree of drought deepening. （2） Governments＇ regulation affects farmers＇ responses, although only part of its regulation measures has remarkable effects. Governments＇ early-warning messages can increase the possibility of farmers＇ responding to drought, however, only when they get the early-warning in all the processes including before, during, and after disasters can the effects be significant. Currently, as the primary channel through which early-warning information is released, tele- vision cannot change farmers＇ behaviors significantly. Early-warning is most effective when spread via two or more types of channels. In addition, governments＇ （especially town and village level institutions＇） policy support has certain impacts on farmers＇ responses to drought, yet with less prominent effects in disaster years than in normal years; to provide subsidies, as a regulation measure, can encourage farmers＇ initiative a lot in adopting response measures, but most of the farmers haven＇t got support from any institutions. Both the structure and strength of government regulation need to be improved. （3） Farmers with different conditions respond differently. Farmer households in irrigation areas, those whose farmland is lower 展开更多
Building energy efficiency is a long-term strategy to achieve sustainable development, but the inconsistencies of main interests during the implementation lead to the need for government regulation in building energy ...Building energy efficiency is a long-term strategy to achieve sustainable development, but the inconsistencies of main interests during the implementation lead to the need for government regulation in building energy conservation. Implementation of building energy efficiency of government regulation covers three aspects of construction and involves relevant participators, so the paper analyzes interests and roles of the related subjects in building energy saving, explore the motivations and its conversion mechanism of each player, and dissect the game relationship of associated earnings of developers' and consumers' behaviors selection under government control. Finally, the paper proposes basic requirements of building incentive policies for related subjects under government control to regulate the main behaviors of subjects in building energy efficient buildings and achieve energy efficiency goals and balance of all parties' benefits.展开更多
文摘Background：China has achieved universal health insurance coverage.This study examined how patients and hospitals react to the different designs of the plans and to monitoring of patients by the local authority in the Chinese multiple health security schemes.Methods：The sample for analysis consisted of 1006 orthopedic inpatients who were admitted between January and December 2011 at a tertiary teaching hospital located in Beijing.We conducted general linear regression analyses to investigate whether medical expenditure and length of stay differed according to the different incentives.Results：Patients under plans with lower copayment rates consumed significantly more medication compared with those under plans with higher copayment rates.Under plans with an annual ceiling for insurance coverage,patients spent significantly more in the second half of the year than in the first half of the year.The length of stay was shorter among patients when there were government monitoring and a penalty to the hospital service provider.Conclusions：Our results indicate that the different designs and monitoring of the health security systems in China cause opportunistic behavior by patients and providers.Reformation is necessary to reduce those incentives,and improve equity and efficiency in healthcare use.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41430636, No.41590841 National Program on Key Basic Research Project （973 Program）, No.2012CB95570001
文摘Frequent extreme weather events like drought, etc. in the context of climate change present huge challenges to agricultural production. To find out if farmers have taken measures against them and identify governments＇ impact on their response measures are the foundation of and key to further improving relevant policies and farmers＇ responsiveness. Taking the North China Plain as an example, the study analyzes farmers＇ responses to fre- quent climate change-induced drought, and assesses the impacts of governments＇ early- warning, policy support and other factors on farmers＇ responses based on questionnaire survey data and an econometric approach. The results show that： （1） Farmers are responsive to drought, and they are more likely to take measures as the degree of drought deepening. （2） Governments＇ regulation affects farmers＇ responses, although only part of its regulation measures has remarkable effects. Governments＇ early-warning messages can increase the possibility of farmers＇ responding to drought, however, only when they get the early-warning in all the processes including before, during, and after disasters can the effects be significant. Currently, as the primary channel through which early-warning information is released, tele- vision cannot change farmers＇ behaviors significantly. Early-warning is most effective when spread via two or more types of channels. In addition, governments＇ （especially town and village level institutions＇） policy support has certain impacts on farmers＇ responses to drought, yet with less prominent effects in disaster years than in normal years; to provide subsidies, as a regulation measure, can encourage farmers＇ initiative a lot in adopting response measures, but most of the farmers haven＇t got support from any institutions. Both the structure and strength of government regulation need to be improved. （3） Farmers with different conditions respond differently. Farmer households in irrigation areas, those whose farmland is lower
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 71171141)Post-funded Projects of Social Science Planning in Tianjin (Grant No. TJGLHQ1403)
文摘Building energy efficiency is a long-term strategy to achieve sustainable development, but the inconsistencies of main interests during the implementation lead to the need for government regulation in building energy conservation. Implementation of building energy efficiency of government regulation covers three aspects of construction and involves relevant participators, so the paper analyzes interests and roles of the related subjects in building energy saving, explore the motivations and its conversion mechanism of each player, and dissect the game relationship of associated earnings of developers' and consumers' behaviors selection under government control. Finally, the paper proposes basic requirements of building incentive policies for related subjects under government control to regulate the main behaviors of subjects in building energy efficient buildings and achieve energy efficiency goals and balance of all parties' benefits.
