An effective method to detect stepping-stone intrusion(SSI)is to estimate the length of a connection chain.This type of detection method is referred to as a network-based detection approach.Existing network-based SSI ...An effective method to detect stepping-stone intrusion(SSI)is to estimate the length of a connection chain.This type of detection method is referred to as a network-based detection approach.Existing network-based SSI detection methods are either ineffective in the context of the Internet because of the presence of outliers in the packet round-trip times(RTTs)or inefficient,as many packets must be captured and processed.Because of the high fluctuation caused by the intermediate routers on the Internet,it is unavoidable that the RTTs of the captured packets contain outlier values.In this paper,we first propose an efficient algorithm to eliminate most of the possible RTT outliers of the packets captured in the Internet environment.We then develop an efficient SSI detection algorithm by mining network traffic using an improved version of k-Means clustering.Our proposed detection algorithm for SSI is accurate,effective,and efficient in the context of the Internet.Well-designed network experiments are conducted in the Internet environment to verify the effectiveness,correctness,and efficiency of our proposed algorithms.Our experiments show that the effective rate of our proposed SSI detection algorithm is higher than 85.7%in the context of the Internet.展开更多
与基于流量特性的被动流关联技术相比,基于流水印的主动流关联技术在跳板攻击溯源和匿名用户追踪等方面准确率更高、误报率更低,观测时间也更短.首先介绍基于包载荷、流速率、包时间等载体的典型流水印技术;然后阐述流水印技术所面临的...与基于流量特性的被动流关联技术相比,基于流水印的主动流关联技术在跳板攻击溯源和匿名用户追踪等方面准确率更高、误报率更低,观测时间也更短.首先介绍基于包载荷、流速率、包时间等载体的典型流水印技术;然后阐述流水印技术所面临的多流攻击、均方自相关攻击、K-S(KolmogorovSimirnov)测试、PNR(Peng Ning Reeves)攻击、时延规范化攻击、BACKLIT检测、已知流攻击、输出检测和复制攻击等安全威胁;接着分析流水印技术在抵御多流攻击、均方自相关攻击、K-S测试和BACKLIT检测等各类安全威胁时所主要采取的嵌入位置随机化、水印信息重排序、"一流一印"、"一流一码"、嵌入延迟最小化等方法和手段;最后对流水印安全威胁与对策的研究热点及发展趋势进行总结和展望,认为现有流水印技术的抗攻击能力有待进一步加强、流水印隐蔽性的统一评价体系与指标缺乏、其他载体及多重载体流水印技术的攻击手段亟待研究.展开更多
Dispersal ability and environmental adaptability are profoundly associated with colonization and habitat segregation of deep-sea animals in chemosynthesis-based communities, because deep-sea seeps and vents are patchi...Dispersal ability and environmental adaptability are profoundly associated with colonization and habitat segregation of deep-sea animals in chemosynthesis-based communities, because deep-sea seeps and vents are patchily distributed and ephemeral. Since these environments are seemingly highly different, it is likely that vent and seep populations must be genetically differentiated by adapting to their respective environments. In order to elucidate dispersal ability and environmental adaptability of deep-sea mussels, we determined mitochondrial ND4 sequences of Bathymodiolus platifrons and B. japonicus obtained from seeps in the SagamiBayand vents in the Okinawa Trough. Among more than 20 species of deep-sea mussels, only three species in the Japanese waters including the above species can inhabit both vents and seeps. We examined phylogenetic relationships, genetic divergences (Fst), gene flow (Nm), and genetic population structures to compare the seep and vent populations. Our results showed no genetic differentiation and extensive gene flow between the seep and vent populations, indicating high dispersal ability of the two species, which favors colonization in patchy and ephemeral habitats. Our results also indicate that the environmental type (vent or seep) is not the primary factor responsible for habitat segregation in the two species.展开更多
Most diversity restoration projects are not to improve diversity per se, but rather to enhance the presence and abundance of species that are characteristic of reference or target community. The use of Bromus inermis ...Most diversity restoration projects are not to improve diversity per se, but rather to enhance the presence and abundance of species that are characteristic of reference or target community. The use of Bromus inermis suppresses annual noxious grasses and increases the control of other-forb group these species are also noxious weeds;these may be substituted with another perennial species of the same functional group all through the whole experimental period, as it occurs with other perennial-forb Carduus tenuifolius. A field experiment was conducted on abandoned arable land with sown low and high diversity treatments and natural colonization following typical farming practice for the site. Experimental plots were installed on former agricultural land that had been cropped with (a rotation of) monocultures until the end of 1995. The experiment was organized according to a block design with five replicate blocks. An opposite trend was performed among the colonizer species, because the colonizer grasses were relegated by the high dominance of sown grasses. But at the same time, the sown grasses facilitated the dominance of other colonizer-forbs species;therefore its functional replacement in the community due to sown effect was again tested. However, in natural conditions the other-forbs group was the dominant group, without taking into account the stepping-stone treatment and there was also a functional change of dominance. Our study has demonstrated the restoration effectiveness of species richness at abandoned arable land and may be enhanced by sowing late successional species.展开更多
基金supported by the the National Centers of Academic Excellence in Cybersecurity(NCAE-C)Grant(No.H98230-20-1-0293)at the National Security Agency with Columbus State University,Georgia,USA。
文摘An effective method to detect stepping-stone intrusion(SSI)is to estimate the length of a connection chain.This type of detection method is referred to as a network-based detection approach.Existing network-based SSI detection methods are either ineffective in the context of the Internet because of the presence of outliers in the packet round-trip times(RTTs)or inefficient,as many packets must be captured and processed.Because of the high fluctuation caused by the intermediate routers on the Internet,it is unavoidable that the RTTs of the captured packets contain outlier values.In this paper,we first propose an efficient algorithm to eliminate most of the possible RTT outliers of the packets captured in the Internet environment.We then develop an efficient SSI detection algorithm by mining network traffic using an improved version of k-Means clustering.Our proposed detection algorithm for SSI is accurate,effective,and efficient in the context of the Internet.Well-designed network experiments are conducted in the Internet environment to verify the effectiveness,correctness,and efficiency of our proposed algorithms.Our experiments show that the effective rate of our proposed SSI detection algorithm is higher than 85.7%in the context of the Internet.
文摘与基于流量特性的被动流关联技术相比,基于流水印的主动流关联技术在跳板攻击溯源和匿名用户追踪等方面准确率更高、误报率更低,观测时间也更短.首先介绍基于包载荷、流速率、包时间等载体的典型流水印技术;然后阐述流水印技术所面临的多流攻击、均方自相关攻击、K-S(KolmogorovSimirnov)测试、PNR(Peng Ning Reeves)攻击、时延规范化攻击、BACKLIT检测、已知流攻击、输出检测和复制攻击等安全威胁;接着分析流水印技术在抵御多流攻击、均方自相关攻击、K-S测试和BACKLIT检测等各类安全威胁时所主要采取的嵌入位置随机化、水印信息重排序、"一流一印"、"一流一码"、嵌入延迟最小化等方法和手段;最后对流水印安全威胁与对策的研究热点及发展趋势进行总结和展望,认为现有流水印技术的抗攻击能力有待进一步加强、流水印隐蔽性的统一评价体系与指标缺乏、其他载体及多重载体流水印技术的攻击手段亟待研究.
文摘Dispersal ability and environmental adaptability are profoundly associated with colonization and habitat segregation of deep-sea animals in chemosynthesis-based communities, because deep-sea seeps and vents are patchily distributed and ephemeral. Since these environments are seemingly highly different, it is likely that vent and seep populations must be genetically differentiated by adapting to their respective environments. In order to elucidate dispersal ability and environmental adaptability of deep-sea mussels, we determined mitochondrial ND4 sequences of Bathymodiolus platifrons and B. japonicus obtained from seeps in the SagamiBayand vents in the Okinawa Trough. Among more than 20 species of deep-sea mussels, only three species in the Japanese waters including the above species can inhabit both vents and seeps. We examined phylogenetic relationships, genetic divergences (Fst), gene flow (Nm), and genetic population structures to compare the seep and vent populations. Our results showed no genetic differentiation and extensive gene flow between the seep and vent populations, indicating high dispersal ability of the two species, which favors colonization in patchy and ephemeral habitats. Our results also indicate that the environmental type (vent or seep) is not the primary factor responsible for habitat segregation in the two species.
文摘Most diversity restoration projects are not to improve diversity per se, but rather to enhance the presence and abundance of species that are characteristic of reference or target community. The use of Bromus inermis suppresses annual noxious grasses and increases the control of other-forb group these species are also noxious weeds;these may be substituted with another perennial species of the same functional group all through the whole experimental period, as it occurs with other perennial-forb Carduus tenuifolius. A field experiment was conducted on abandoned arable land with sown low and high diversity treatments and natural colonization following typical farming practice for the site. Experimental plots were installed on former agricultural land that had been cropped with (a rotation of) monocultures until the end of 1995. The experiment was organized according to a block design with five replicate blocks. An opposite trend was performed among the colonizer species, because the colonizer grasses were relegated by the high dominance of sown grasses. But at the same time, the sown grasses facilitated the dominance of other colonizer-forbs species;therefore its functional replacement in the community due to sown effect was again tested. However, in natural conditions the other-forbs group was the dominant group, without taking into account the stepping-stone treatment and there was also a functional change of dominance. Our study has demonstrated the restoration effectiveness of species richness at abandoned arable land and may be enhanced by sowing late successional species.