Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition characterized predominantlyby hyperglycemia. The most common causes contributing to the pathophysiologyof diabetes are insufficient insulin secretion, resistance...Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition characterized predominantlyby hyperglycemia. The most common causes contributing to the pathophysiologyof diabetes are insufficient insulin secretion, resistance to insulin’stissue-acting effects, or a combination of both. Over the last 30 years, the globalprevalence of diabetes increased from 4% to 6.4%. If no better treatment or cure isfound, this amount might climb to 430 million in the coming years. The major fact-ors of the disease’s deterioration include age, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle.Finding new therapies to manage diabetes safely and effectively without jeopardizingpatient compliance has always been essential. Among the medicationsavailable to manage DM on this journey are glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists,thiazolidinediones, sulphonyl urease, glinides, biguanides, and insulin-targetingreceptors discovered more than 10 years ago. Despite the extensive preliminarystudies, a few clinical observations suggest this process is still in its early stages.The present review focuses on targets that contribute to insulin regulation andmay be employed as targets in treating diabetes since they may be more efficientand secure than current and traditional treatments.展开更多
A. Einstein and H.A. Lorentz had found that the mass of an accelerated body traveling at relativistic velocity appears to depend on whether the acceleration is performed in the direction of motion or in a transverse d...A. Einstein and H.A. Lorentz had found that the mass of an accelerated body traveling at relativistic velocity appears to depend on whether the acceleration is performed in the direction of motion or in a transverse direction. E.P. Epstein rejected this result in the “Annalen der Physik”;he rather postulated an additional force that turns up when the body is accelerated in the longitudinal direction. It can be shown that the concept of an increased longitudinal mass is based on a simple mathematical error. When correcting this error, it turns out that Epstein’s additional, hidden force is indispensable in order to avoid an inner inconsistency of Special Relativity. It does most of the total work absorbed by the moving object, and is thus responsible for most of the increase in its energy (=mass), given the speed attained is relativistic. In other words: While the total force on the body needed to maintain a constant acceleration <em>a</em><sub>0</sub> is “<span style="white-space:nowrap;">(1-<em>v</em><sup>2</sup>/<em>c</em><sup>2</sup>)<sup>-1</sup><em>m</em><em>a</em><sub>0</sub>=<em>m</em><sub>0</sub>(1-<em>v</em><sup>2</sup>/<em>c</em><sup>2</sup>)<sup>-3/2</sup><em>a</em><sub><em>0</em></sub></span>”, the technical force needed to maintain that acceleration amounts only to “<em>m</em><em>a</em><sub>0</sub>=<em><em>m</em><sub>0</sub>(1 - <em>v</em><sup>2</sup>/<em>c</em><sup>2</sup>)<sup>-1/2</sup><em>a</em><sub><em>0</em></sub></em>”. The total energy of two objects that undergo a symmetrical, elastic head-on collision is therefore not conserved during the collision, thus requiring the involvement of a hidden reservoir of energy. This result is confirmed by calculations that use the concept of momenergy. The phenomenon of an apparent disappearance of energy has been noticed in particle physics already (target-experiment), but its consequences have been ignored. Instead, an explanation has been given (reduced “energy of the center of mass”) which is inconsistent and violates the relativity 展开更多
文摘Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition characterized predominantlyby hyperglycemia. The most common causes contributing to the pathophysiologyof diabetes are insufficient insulin secretion, resistance to insulin’stissue-acting effects, or a combination of both. Over the last 30 years, the globalprevalence of diabetes increased from 4% to 6.4%. If no better treatment or cure isfound, this amount might climb to 430 million in the coming years. The major fact-ors of the disease’s deterioration include age, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle.Finding new therapies to manage diabetes safely and effectively without jeopardizingpatient compliance has always been essential. Among the medicationsavailable to manage DM on this journey are glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists,thiazolidinediones, sulphonyl urease, glinides, biguanides, and insulin-targetingreceptors discovered more than 10 years ago. Despite the extensive preliminarystudies, a few clinical observations suggest this process is still in its early stages.The present review focuses on targets that contribute to insulin regulation andmay be employed as targets in treating diabetes since they may be more efficientand secure than current and traditional treatments.
文摘A. Einstein and H.A. Lorentz had found that the mass of an accelerated body traveling at relativistic velocity appears to depend on whether the acceleration is performed in the direction of motion or in a transverse direction. E.P. Epstein rejected this result in the “Annalen der Physik”;he rather postulated an additional force that turns up when the body is accelerated in the longitudinal direction. It can be shown that the concept of an increased longitudinal mass is based on a simple mathematical error. When correcting this error, it turns out that Epstein’s additional, hidden force is indispensable in order to avoid an inner inconsistency of Special Relativity. It does most of the total work absorbed by the moving object, and is thus responsible for most of the increase in its energy (=mass), given the speed attained is relativistic. In other words: While the total force on the body needed to maintain a constant acceleration <em>a</em><sub>0</sub> is “<span style="white-space:nowrap;">(1-<em>v</em><sup>2</sup>/<em>c</em><sup>2</sup>)<sup>-1</sup><em>m</em><em>a</em><sub>0</sub>=<em>m</em><sub>0</sub>(1-<em>v</em><sup>2</sup>/<em>c</em><sup>2</sup>)<sup>-3/2</sup><em>a</em><sub><em>0</em></sub></span>”, the technical force needed to maintain that acceleration amounts only to “<em>m</em><em>a</em><sub>0</sub>=<em><em>m</em><sub>0</sub>(1 - <em>v</em><sup>2</sup>/<em>c</em><sup>2</sup>)<sup>-1/2</sup><em>a</em><sub><em>0</em></sub></em>”. The total energy of two objects that undergo a symmetrical, elastic head-on collision is therefore not conserved during the collision, thus requiring the involvement of a hidden reservoir of energy. This result is confirmed by calculations that use the concept of momenergy. The phenomenon of an apparent disappearance of energy has been noticed in particle physics already (target-experiment), but its consequences have been ignored. Instead, an explanation has been given (reduced “energy of the center of mass”) which is inconsistent and violates the relativity
