Efficient utilization of energy resources is essential for a developing country like India. The concept of smart grid （SG） can provide a highly reliable power system with optimized utilization of available resources...Efficient utilization of energy resources is essential for a developing country like India. The concept of smart grid （SG） can provide a highly reliable power system with optimized utilization of available resources. The present Indian power grid requires revolutionary changes to meet the growing demands and to make the grid smarter and reliable. One of the important requirements for SG is the instantaneous monitoring of the voltage, current and power flows at all buses in the grid. The traditional monitoring system cannot satisfy this requirement since they are based on nonlinear power flow equations. Synchro-phasor-measurement devices like phasor mea- surement units （PMUs） can measure the phasor values of voltages at installed buses. Consequently, the currents passing through all branches connected to that bus can be computed. Since the voltage phasor values at the neighboring buses of a bus containing the PMU can be estimated using Ohm＇s law, it is redundant to install PMUs at all the buses in a power grid for its complete observability. This paper proposes the optimal geographi- cal locations for the PMUs in southern region Indian power grid for the implementation of SG, using Integer Linear Programming. The proposed optimal geographical locations for PMU placement can be a stepping stone for the implementation of SG in India.展开更多
Effective utilization of renewable energy sources and efficient management of electric energy are essential for any developing countries like India. This can be envisioned through the implementation of concepts of sma...Effective utilization of renewable energy sources and efficient management of electric energy are essential for any developing countries like India. This can be envisioned through the implementation of concepts of smart grid （SG）. One of the key requisites for SG implementation is that the grid should be completely observable. Renovation of conventional Indian power grid to a SG necessitates incorporation of the phasor measure- ment units （PMUs） in the present power grid measurement and monitoring system. Since the cost of PMU is high and any bus containing a PMU makes the neighboring connected buses observable, optimal placement of PMUs is very important for complete observability of the grid. This paper proposes optimal redundant geographical locations in the northern, eastern and north-eastern regions of Indian power grid for PMU placement. The PMUs installed in these geographical locations will make the grid completely observable and maintain the observability under the conditions of failure of some PMUs or branch outages. Integer linear programming has been used for finding the optimal PMU locations. The results proposed in this paper can be a stepping stone for revamping the Indian power grid to a SG ensuring complete observability during different contingency conditions.展开更多
The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. Energy/power plays a critical role for so...The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. Energy/power plays a critical role for social, economic and industrial development. Because of industrial generalization, especially in agricultural and economical activities, the energy demand has increased rapidly in developed countries. Generation and usage of energy has direct impact on modern power grid. In this scenario energy management is a hard task because load is dynamic and we don’t have control over it. Renewable or undepleted energy resources have great applications and impact in current electric power system situation. For example it gives pollution free (green) energy which is environment and user friendly. It is cost effective;it uses natural resources for its generation and hence do not waste any coal, gas etc. There are many inducements to empower energy productivity. As current smart grid is complex and non linear in operation and design, it used an optimized method that provides maximum efficiency with minimum input. Our work depicts a case study of hybrid electric aircraft for achieving high performance.展开更多
文摘Efficient utilization of energy resources is essential for a developing country like India. The concept of smart grid （SG） can provide a highly reliable power system with optimized utilization of available resources. The present Indian power grid requires revolutionary changes to meet the growing demands and to make the grid smarter and reliable. One of the important requirements for SG is the instantaneous monitoring of the voltage, current and power flows at all buses in the grid. The traditional monitoring system cannot satisfy this requirement since they are based on nonlinear power flow equations. Synchro-phasor-measurement devices like phasor mea- surement units （PMUs） can measure the phasor values of voltages at installed buses. Consequently, the currents passing through all branches connected to that bus can be computed. Since the voltage phasor values at the neighboring buses of a bus containing the PMU can be estimated using Ohm＇s law, it is redundant to install PMUs at all the buses in a power grid for its complete observability. This paper proposes the optimal geographi- cal locations for the PMUs in southern region Indian power grid for the implementation of SG, using Integer Linear Programming. The proposed optimal geographical locations for PMU placement can be a stepping stone for the implementation of SG in India.
文摘Effective utilization of renewable energy sources and efficient management of electric energy are essential for any developing countries like India. This can be envisioned through the implementation of concepts of smart grid （SG）. One of the key requisites for SG implementation is that the grid should be completely observable. Renovation of conventional Indian power grid to a SG necessitates incorporation of the phasor measure- ment units （PMUs） in the present power grid measurement and monitoring system. Since the cost of PMU is high and any bus containing a PMU makes the neighboring connected buses observable, optimal placement of PMUs is very important for complete observability of the grid. This paper proposes optimal redundant geographical locations in the northern, eastern and north-eastern regions of Indian power grid for PMU placement. The PMUs installed in these geographical locations will make the grid completely observable and maintain the observability under the conditions of failure of some PMUs or branch outages. Integer linear programming has been used for finding the optimal PMU locations. The results proposed in this paper can be a stepping stone for revamping the Indian power grid to a SG ensuring complete observability during different contingency conditions.
文摘The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. Energy/power plays a critical role for social, economic and industrial development. Because of industrial generalization, especially in agricultural and economical activities, the energy demand has increased rapidly in developed countries. Generation and usage of energy has direct impact on modern power grid. In this scenario energy management is a hard task because load is dynamic and we don’t have control over it. Renewable or undepleted energy resources have great applications and impact in current electric power system situation. For example it gives pollution free (green) energy which is environment and user friendly. It is cost effective;it uses natural resources for its generation and hence do not waste any coal, gas etc. There are many inducements to empower energy productivity. As current smart grid is complex and non linear in operation and design, it used an optimized method that provides maximum efficiency with minimum input. Our work depicts a case study of hybrid electric aircraft for achieving high performance.
