The paper reports some technical solutions, which suggested or used for increasing of environmental protection during accidents at NPPs. For NNPs with two protective shells and pressure release system such as WWER-100...The paper reports some technical solutions, which suggested or used for increasing of environmental protection during accidents at NPPs. For NNPs with two protective shells and pressure release system such as WWER-1000 a comprehensive, passive-mode environmental protection system of decontamination of the radioactive steam-air mixture from the containment and the intercontainment area was suggested. This system includes the “wet” stage (scrubbers, etc.), the “dry” stage (sorption module), and also an ejector, which in a passive mode is capable of solving the multi-purpose task of decontamination of the air-steam mixture. For WWER-440/230 NPPs three protection levels: 1) a jet-vortex condenser;2) the spray system;3) a sorption module were suggested and installed. For modern designs of new generation NPPs, which do not provide for pressure release systems, a new passive filtering system together with the passive heat-removal system, which can be used during severe accidents in case all power supply units become unavailable, was proposed and after modernization was installed at the KudanKulam NPP (India).展开更多
Background:Onchocerciasis(river blindness)caused by the parasite Onchocercavolvulus and transmitted by riverine Simulium spp.(Black flies)is targeted for elimination in Africa.This is a significant change in strategy ...Background:Onchocerciasis(river blindness)caused by the parasite Onchocercavolvulus and transmitted by riverine Simulium spp.(Black flies)is targeted for elimination in Africa.This is a significant change in strategy from the‘control’of meso-and hyper-endemic areas through mass drug administration(MDA)with Mectizan®(ivermectin),to the‘elimination’in all endemic areas where a range of interventions may be required.The most significant challenges of elimination in low transmission or hypo-endemic areas are two-fold.First,there are vast remote areas where the focality of low transmission is relatively undefined.Second,the treatment with ivermectin increases the risk of serious adverse events(SAEs)in individuals with high parasitaemias of Loa loa,a filarial parasite widespread in Central and West Africa,which causes Tropical eye worm and transmitted by Chrysops spp.(Deer flies).Discussion:We therefore propose novel mapping approaches using remote sensing satellite and modelled environmental data to be used in combination with rapid field surveys to help resolve the problems of targeting the expansion of onchocerciasis elimination activities in L.loa co-endemic areas.First,we demonstrate that micro-stratification overlap mapping(MOM)of available onchocerciasis and loiasis prevalence maps can be used to identify 12 key high risk areas,where low O.volvulusand high L.loa transmission overlap,which we define as“hypo-endemic hotspots”.Second we show that integrated micro-mapping of prevalence data,and the use of environmental data to delineate riverine and forest risk factors associated with Simulium spp.and Chrysops spp.vector habitats can further help to define target intervention areas i.e.secondary hotspots within hotspots,to help avoid the risk of SAEs.Summary:These mapping examples demonstrate the value of bringing prevalence,entomological and ecological information together to develop maps for planned implementation and targeted strategies.This is critical as better mapping may the reduce costs and lowe展开更多
文摘The paper reports some technical solutions, which suggested or used for increasing of environmental protection during accidents at NPPs. For NNPs with two protective shells and pressure release system such as WWER-1000 a comprehensive, passive-mode environmental protection system of decontamination of the radioactive steam-air mixture from the containment and the intercontainment area was suggested. This system includes the “wet” stage (scrubbers, etc.), the “dry” stage (sorption module), and also an ejector, which in a passive mode is capable of solving the multi-purpose task of decontamination of the air-steam mixture. For WWER-440/230 NPPs three protection levels: 1) a jet-vortex condenser;2) the spray system;3) a sorption module were suggested and installed. For modern designs of new generation NPPs, which do not provide for pressure release systems, a new passive filtering system together with the passive heat-removal system, which can be used during severe accidents in case all power supply units become unavailable, was proposed and after modernization was installed at the KudanKulam NPP (India).
基金We acknowledge the grant support from the UK Department for International Development(DFID)and GSK(GlaxoSmithKline)to the Filarial Programmes Support Unit(FPSU)(formerly known as the Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases),Department of Parasitology,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine,for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a global public health problem.
文摘Background:Onchocerciasis(river blindness)caused by the parasite Onchocercavolvulus and transmitted by riverine Simulium spp.(Black flies)is targeted for elimination in Africa.This is a significant change in strategy from the‘control’of meso-and hyper-endemic areas through mass drug administration(MDA)with Mectizan®(ivermectin),to the‘elimination’in all endemic areas where a range of interventions may be required.The most significant challenges of elimination in low transmission or hypo-endemic areas are two-fold.First,there are vast remote areas where the focality of low transmission is relatively undefined.Second,the treatment with ivermectin increases the risk of serious adverse events(SAEs)in individuals with high parasitaemias of Loa loa,a filarial parasite widespread in Central and West Africa,which causes Tropical eye worm and transmitted by Chrysops spp.(Deer flies).Discussion:We therefore propose novel mapping approaches using remote sensing satellite and modelled environmental data to be used in combination with rapid field surveys to help resolve the problems of targeting the expansion of onchocerciasis elimination activities in L.loa co-endemic areas.First,we demonstrate that micro-stratification overlap mapping(MOM)of available onchocerciasis and loiasis prevalence maps can be used to identify 12 key high risk areas,where low O.volvulusand high L.loa transmission overlap,which we define as“hypo-endemic hotspots”.Second we show that integrated micro-mapping of prevalence data,and the use of environmental data to delineate riverine and forest risk factors associated with Simulium spp.and Chrysops spp.vector habitats can further help to define target intervention areas i.e.secondary hotspots within hotspots,to help avoid the risk of SAEs.Summary:These mapping examples demonstrate the value of bringing prevalence,entomological and ecological information together to develop maps for planned implementation and targeted strategies.This is critical as better mapping may the reduce costs and lowe
