科学研究在经历了实验科学、理论科学、计算科学阶段后,进入了数据密集型科学阶段,与之相伴的是大数据时代的到来.大数据泛指规模达到几百TB,甚至PB级的数据①,其典型的特征是分布、异构、低质量等.尽管传统数据库管理技术(特别是商业...科学研究在经历了实验科学、理论科学、计算科学阶段后,进入了数据密集型科学阶段,与之相伴的是大数据时代的到来.大数据泛指规模达到几百TB,甚至PB级的数据①,其典型的特征是分布、异构、低质量等.尽管传统数据库管理技术(特别是商业关系型数据库)在过去40年间取得了巨大成功,但是这些技术和系统无法有效管理支持数据密集型科学与工程(Data-Intensive Science and Engineering,DISE)的大数据.文中探讨数据密集型科学与工程的具体需求和现实挑战.它涵盖的内容表现在4个层面,包括数据存储与组织、计算方法、数据分析以及用户接口技术等.同时,数据质量、数据安全、数据监护等内容也需要在各层面得到重视.文中尝试梳理了数据密集型科学与工程的整体架构,回顾了相关领域的新近发展,分析了面临的挑战,探讨了未来的研究方向.展开更多
Achieving both high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency （NUE） simultaneously has become a major challenge with increased global demand for food, depletion of natural resources, and deterioration of environment. A...Achieving both high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency （NUE） simultaneously has become a major challenge with increased global demand for food, depletion of natural resources, and deterioration of environment. As the greatest consumers of N fertilizer in the world, Chinese farmers have overused N, and there has been poor synchrony between crop N demand and N supply because of limited understanding of the N uptake-yield relationship. To address this problem, this study evaluated the total and dynamic N requirement for different yield ranges of two major crops （maize and wheat）, and suggested improvements to N management strategies. Whole-plant N aboveground uptake requirement per grain yield （Nreq） initially deceased with grain yield improvement and then stagnated, and yet most farmers still believed that more fertilizer and higher grain yield were synonymous. When maize yield increased from 〈 7.5 to 〉 12.0 Mg ha-I, Nreq decreased from 19.8 to 17.0 kg Mg-1 grain. For wheat, it decreased from 27.1 kg Mg-1 grain for grain yield 〈 4.5 Mg ha-1 to 22.7 kg Mg-1 grain for yield 〉 9.0 Mg ha-1. Meanwhile, the percentage of dry matter and N accumulation in the middle-late growing season increased significantly with grain yield, which indicated that N fertilization should be concentrated in the middle-late stage to match crop demand while farmers often applied the majority of N fertilizer either before sowing or during early growth stages. We accordingly developed an integrated soil-crop system management strategy that simultaneously increases both grain yield and NUE.展开更多
文摘科学研究在经历了实验科学、理论科学、计算科学阶段后,进入了数据密集型科学阶段,与之相伴的是大数据时代的到来.大数据泛指规模达到几百TB,甚至PB级的数据①,其典型的特征是分布、异构、低质量等.尽管传统数据库管理技术(特别是商业关系型数据库)在过去40年间取得了巨大成功,但是这些技术和系统无法有效管理支持数据密集型科学与工程(Data-Intensive Science and Engineering,DISE)的大数据.文中探讨数据密集型科学与工程的具体需求和现实挑战.它涵盖的内容表现在4个层面,包括数据存储与组织、计算方法、数据分析以及用户接口技术等.同时,数据质量、数据安全、数据监护等内容也需要在各层面得到重视.文中尝试梳理了数据密集型科学与工程的整体架构,回顾了相关领域的新近发展,分析了面临的挑战,探讨了未来的研究方向.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program(973 Program) of China(No.2015CB150402)the National Maize Production System in China(No.CARS-02-24)+1 种基金the Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest of China (No.201103003)the Innovative Group Grant of the NSFC,China(No.31421092)
文摘Achieving both high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency （NUE） simultaneously has become a major challenge with increased global demand for food, depletion of natural resources, and deterioration of environment. As the greatest consumers of N fertilizer in the world, Chinese farmers have overused N, and there has been poor synchrony between crop N demand and N supply because of limited understanding of the N uptake-yield relationship. To address this problem, this study evaluated the total and dynamic N requirement for different yield ranges of two major crops （maize and wheat）, and suggested improvements to N management strategies. Whole-plant N aboveground uptake requirement per grain yield （Nreq） initially deceased with grain yield improvement and then stagnated, and yet most farmers still believed that more fertilizer and higher grain yield were synonymous. When maize yield increased from 〈 7.5 to 〉 12.0 Mg ha-I, Nreq decreased from 19.8 to 17.0 kg Mg-1 grain. For wheat, it decreased from 27.1 kg Mg-1 grain for grain yield 〈 4.5 Mg ha-1 to 22.7 kg Mg-1 grain for yield 〉 9.0 Mg ha-1. Meanwhile, the percentage of dry matter and N accumulation in the middle-late growing season increased significantly with grain yield, which indicated that N fertilization should be concentrated in the middle-late stage to match crop demand while farmers often applied the majority of N fertilizer either before sowing or during early growth stages. We accordingly developed an integrated soil-crop system management strategy that simultaneously increases both grain yield and NUE.
