Macrophages exist in most tissues and play a variety of functions in vertebrates.Teleost fish species are found in most aquatic environments throughout the world and are quite diverse for a group of vertebrate animals...Macrophages exist in most tissues and play a variety of functions in vertebrates.Teleost fish species are found in most aquatic environments throughout the world and are quite diverse for a group of vertebrate animals.Due to whole genome duplication and en vironme ntal adaptati on,teleost monocytes/macrophages possess a variety of different functions and modulations compared with those of mammals.A deeper understanding of teleost monocytes/macrophages in the immune system will not only help develop teleost-specific methods of disease prevention but will also help improve our understanding of the various immune mechanisms in mammals.In this review,we summarize the differences in polarizati on and phagocytosis of teleost and mammalian macrophages to improve our understanding of the various immune mechanisms in vertebrates.展开更多
Taking northern Jiangsu area as an example,economic disparity between urban and rural areas is described according to the data in 2000-2009 Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook.Result shows that there are significant differen...Taking northern Jiangsu area as an example,economic disparity between urban and rural areas is described according to the data in 2000-2009 Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook.Result shows that there are significant differences in the rural and urban economic development in less developed areas,which are mainly reflected in the differences in per capita income,living standard,and Engel coefficient.Reasons for urban and rural economic disparity in less developed areas are analyzed.The asymmetry and immobility of rural and urban resources have objectively caused the income gap between urban and rural residents;urban industrial development,which is faster than agricultural development,has widened the income gap between urban and rural residents;and the differences in comparative labor productivity in rural and urban areas have enlarged their income gap.Countermeasures to minimize the urban and rural economic development gap are put forward,such as deepening the reform,realizing the free flow of economic resources between urban and rural areas,developing rural areas through urban development,exerting the function of urban areas in the coordinated development of urban and rural areas,paying attention to the agriculture and rural areas,and improving the comparative labor productivity of agriculture.展开更多
Long term of grain production subsidy policy can be guaranteed only with sound and sustainable development of economy,stable growth of fiscal revenues,and improvement of subsidy system.In combination with social surve...Long term of grain production subsidy policy can be guaranteed only with sound and sustainable development of economy,stable growth of fiscal revenues,and improvement of subsidy system.In combination with social survey,this paper analyzed after-effects of direct subsidies for grain production in China from pressure of grain production subsidies on central finance and local finance,consequence possibly brought about by classified bearing of direct subsidies for grain production,effectiveness of direct subsidies on stimulating grain production,and effect of direct subsidies on production of other agricultural products.It is concluded that direct subsidies for grain production should be shifted to direct subsides for agricultural production,which will be the reform and development trend of financial support for agriculture.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772876,41776151)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LZ18C190001,LR18C040001)+1 种基金Scientific Innovation Team Project of Ningbo(2015C110018)K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University
文摘Macrophages exist in most tissues and play a variety of functions in vertebrates.Teleost fish species are found in most aquatic environments throughout the world and are quite diverse for a group of vertebrate animals.Due to whole genome duplication and en vironme ntal adaptati on,teleost monocytes/macrophages possess a variety of different functions and modulations compared with those of mammals.A deeper understanding of teleost monocytes/macrophages in the immune system will not only help develop teleost-specific methods of disease prevention but will also help improve our understanding of the various immune mechanisms in mammals.In this review,we summarize the differences in polarizati on and phagocytosis of teleost and mammalian macrophages to improve our understanding of the various immune mechanisms in vertebrates.
文摘Taking northern Jiangsu area as an example,economic disparity between urban and rural areas is described according to the data in 2000-2009 Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook.Result shows that there are significant differences in the rural and urban economic development in less developed areas,which are mainly reflected in the differences in per capita income,living standard,and Engel coefficient.Reasons for urban and rural economic disparity in less developed areas are analyzed.The asymmetry and immobility of rural and urban resources have objectively caused the income gap between urban and rural residents;urban industrial development,which is faster than agricultural development,has widened the income gap between urban and rural residents;and the differences in comparative labor productivity in rural and urban areas have enlarged their income gap.Countermeasures to minimize the urban and rural economic development gap are put forward,such as deepening the reform,realizing the free flow of economic resources between urban and rural areas,developing rural areas through urban development,exerting the function of urban areas in the coordinated development of urban and rural areas,paying attention to the agriculture and rural areas,and improving the comparative labor productivity of agriculture.
基金Scientific Research Foundation Project of Southwest University(SWU10306)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in 2011(SWU1109039)
文摘Long term of grain production subsidy policy can be guaranteed only with sound and sustainable development of economy,stable growth of fiscal revenues,and improvement of subsidy system.In combination with social survey,this paper analyzed after-effects of direct subsidies for grain production in China from pressure of grain production subsidies on central finance and local finance,consequence possibly brought about by classified bearing of direct subsidies for grain production,effectiveness of direct subsidies on stimulating grain production,and effect of direct subsidies on production of other agricultural products.It is concluded that direct subsidies for grain production should be shifted to direct subsides for agricultural production,which will be the reform and development trend of financial support for agriculture.
