Neuroplasticity enables teleosts to promote or downregulate the growth of their brains regionally.To compensate for the effects of predation pressure,teleosts may alter their brain morphology and behavioral responses ...Neuroplasticity enables teleosts to promote or downregulate the growth of their brains regionally.To compensate for the effects of predation pressure,teleosts may alter their brain morphology and behavioral responses to mitigate its impact on individual fitness.High-predation environ-ments often promote specific patterns of brain growth and produce bolder and more proactive populations.Owing to the expense of maintaining neural tissue,relative size indicates the regions most relied upon.In northern redbelly dace Chrosomus eos,as little as 2 weeks of elevated predation pressure,resulted in increased investment in their olfactory bulbs and optic tecta,while the imposition of captivity produced smaller,less symmetric hypothalami.Taken together,these results suggest that an individual could potentially become better able to detect a threat,and simultaneously less inclined to react to it,making the impact of either change in isolation is difficult to discern.Here,we compared interindividual variation in gross brain morphology,risk-taking tactics in a novel arena(shy-bold personality),and responding to olfactory cues(proactive/reac-tive stress-coping style).We hypothesized that olfactory investment would positively correlate with response intensity to predator cue concen-tration and respond across a wider range of cue concentrations,while hypothalamus size would correlate with shyness and reactivity.Exposure to heightened risk produced more bold/proactive individuals,with larger olfactory bulbs and smaller hypothalami.However,the direction of the correlation between hypothalamus size and behavior varied by treatment,and olfactory investment only corresponded with response intensity amongst proactive individuals.Our findings illustrate the potential pitfalls of relating gross brain morphology to complex behavior and suggest that stress-coping style is a relevant consideration in future studies.展开更多
We propose a unified approach for systems integration and behavior regulation expressing the autonomy of Systems of Systems. For this, we precise the notion of autonomyas a transposition of the living organisms case a...We propose a unified approach for systems integration and behavior regulation expressing the autonomy of Systems of Systems. For this, we precise the notion of autonomyas a transposition of the living organisms case and we develop the notion of artificial tendencies and behavioral intentions. We present a multi-agent model allowing theimplementation with a new multi-scale control.展开更多
Purpose-English language skills have great influence on labors’earnings from the global perspective.To reveal the economic returns to English language ability in Chinese labor market,we investigate how the global Eng...Purpose-English language skills have great influence on labors’earnings from the global perspective.To reveal the economic returns to English language ability in Chinese labor market,we investigate how the global English test certificate affects college graduates’wage.Design/Approach/Methods-We adopt the ordinary least squares(OLS)and propensity score matching(PSM)methods,using data from Chinese Education Panel Survey(CEPS).Findings-The results indicate that with English test scores controlled,possessing global English test certificates have an additional positive effect on wage premiums whereas domestic English test certificates do not.Therefore for college graduates in China,the act of chasing certificates represents proactivity and is rewarded at the initial employment stage.Originality/Value-Our findings imply that global English test has great comprehensive value in labor market:the certificate is not only the important signal to students’English language,but the crucial indicator to one’s productivity personality which is rewarded at the initial employment stage.展开更多
文摘Neuroplasticity enables teleosts to promote or downregulate the growth of their brains regionally.To compensate for the effects of predation pressure,teleosts may alter their brain morphology and behavioral responses to mitigate its impact on individual fitness.High-predation environ-ments often promote specific patterns of brain growth and produce bolder and more proactive populations.Owing to the expense of maintaining neural tissue,relative size indicates the regions most relied upon.In northern redbelly dace Chrosomus eos,as little as 2 weeks of elevated predation pressure,resulted in increased investment in their olfactory bulbs and optic tecta,while the imposition of captivity produced smaller,less symmetric hypothalami.Taken together,these results suggest that an individual could potentially become better able to detect a threat,and simultaneously less inclined to react to it,making the impact of either change in isolation is difficult to discern.Here,we compared interindividual variation in gross brain morphology,risk-taking tactics in a novel arena(shy-bold personality),and responding to olfactory cues(proactive/reac-tive stress-coping style).We hypothesized that olfactory investment would positively correlate with response intensity to predator cue concen-tration and respond across a wider range of cue concentrations,while hypothalamus size would correlate with shyness and reactivity.Exposure to heightened risk produced more bold/proactive individuals,with larger olfactory bulbs and smaller hypothalami.However,the direction of the correlation between hypothalamus size and behavior varied by treatment,and olfactory investment only corresponded with response intensity amongst proactive individuals.Our findings illustrate the potential pitfalls of relating gross brain morphology to complex behavior and suggest that stress-coping style is a relevant consideration in future studies.
文摘We propose a unified approach for systems integration and behavior regulation expressing the autonomy of Systems of Systems. For this, we precise the notion of autonomyas a transposition of the living organisms case and we develop the notion of artificial tendencies and behavioral intentions. We present a multi-agent model allowing theimplementation with a new multi-scale control.
文摘Purpose-English language skills have great influence on labors’earnings from the global perspective.To reveal the economic returns to English language ability in Chinese labor market,we investigate how the global English test certificate affects college graduates’wage.Design/Approach/Methods-We adopt the ordinary least squares(OLS)and propensity score matching(PSM)methods,using data from Chinese Education Panel Survey(CEPS).Findings-The results indicate that with English test scores controlled,possessing global English test certificates have an additional positive effect on wage premiums whereas domestic English test certificates do not.Therefore for college graduates in China,the act of chasing certificates represents proactivity and is rewarded at the initial employment stage.Originality/Value-Our findings imply that global English test has great comprehensive value in labor market:the certificate is not only the important signal to students’English language,but the crucial indicator to one’s productivity personality which is rewarded at the initial employment stage.
