In this paper,a route to the synthesize piperonyl butoxide (PB) [51 03 6] from CPL Oil is reported.This environmentally amicable synthesis of piperonyl butoxide involves the hydrogenation of CPL Oil with Raney Ni W 2 ...In this paper,a route to the synthesize piperonyl butoxide (PB) [51 03 6] from CPL Oil is reported.This environmentally amicable synthesis of piperonyl butoxide involves the hydrogenation of CPL Oil with Raney Ni W 2 as catalyst,the chloromethylation of dihydrosafrole (DHS) [94 58 6],and the etherification of chloromethyldihydrosafrole (CMDHS)[1938 32 5].The Cinnamomum Petrophilum Leaves Oil(CPL Oil) is an essential oil from leaves of a plant of Cinnamomum Petrophilum Nees.Chao.The PB is a synergist for pyrethrin insecticides.Thus,a mixture of 0.982 mol of CMDHS,1.27 moles of butyl carbitol,1.18 moles of NaOH was refluxed for 1.2 houres at 140℃ to give yield 84.4% of PB (purity≥89.5%).The total yield is 81.5% for CPL oil.After the wastewater of etherification was treated,CODCr can be reduced to 12 mg/L,colority can be reduced 46 time,pH can be changed to 8.展开更多
Trichoplusia ni caterpillars are polyphagous foliage-feeders and rarely likely to encounter aflatoxin B1 （AFB1）, a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, in their host plants. To determine how ...Trichoplusia ni caterpillars are polyphagous foliage-feeders and rarely likely to encounter aflatoxin B1 （AFB1）, a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, in their host plants. To determine how T. ni copes with AFB 1, we evaluated the toxicity ofAFB 1 to T. ni caterpillars at different developmental stages and found that AFB 1 tolerance significantly increases with larval development. Diet incorporation of AFB 1 at 1μg/g completely inhibited larval growth and pupation of newly hatched larvae, but 3μg/g AFB 1 did not have apparent toxic effects on larval growth and pupation of caterpillars that first consume this compound 10 days after hatching. Piperonyl butoxide, a general inhibitor of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases （P450s）, reduced the toxicity of AFB 1, suggesting that AFB1 is bioactivated in T. ni and this bioactivation is mediated by P450s. Some plant allelochemicals, including flavonoids such as fiavones, furanocoumarins such as xanthotoxin and imperatorin, and furanochromones such as visnagin, that induce P450s in other lepidopteran larvae ameliorated AFBI toxicity, suggesting that P450s are also involved in AFB 1 detoxification in T. ni.展开更多
文摘In this paper,a route to the synthesize piperonyl butoxide (PB) [51 03 6] from CPL Oil is reported.This environmentally amicable synthesis of piperonyl butoxide involves the hydrogenation of CPL Oil with Raney Ni W 2 as catalyst,the chloromethylation of dihydrosafrole (DHS) [94 58 6],and the etherification of chloromethyldihydrosafrole (CMDHS)[1938 32 5].The Cinnamomum Petrophilum Leaves Oil(CPL Oil) is an essential oil from leaves of a plant of Cinnamomum Petrophilum Nees.Chao.The PB is a synergist for pyrethrin insecticides.Thus,a mixture of 0.982 mol of CMDHS,1.27 moles of butyl carbitol,1.18 moles of NaOH was refluxed for 1.2 houres at 140℃ to give yield 84.4% of PB (purity≥89.5%).The total yield is 81.5% for CPL oil.After the wastewater of etherification was treated,CODCr can be reduced to 12 mg/L,colority can be reduced 46 time,pH can be changed to 8.
文摘Trichoplusia ni caterpillars are polyphagous foliage-feeders and rarely likely to encounter aflatoxin B1 （AFB1）, a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, in their host plants. To determine how T. ni copes with AFB 1, we evaluated the toxicity ofAFB 1 to T. ni caterpillars at different developmental stages and found that AFB 1 tolerance significantly increases with larval development. Diet incorporation of AFB 1 at 1μg/g completely inhibited larval growth and pupation of newly hatched larvae, but 3μg/g AFB 1 did not have apparent toxic effects on larval growth and pupation of caterpillars that first consume this compound 10 days after hatching. Piperonyl butoxide, a general inhibitor of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases （P450s）, reduced the toxicity of AFB 1, suggesting that AFB1 is bioactivated in T. ni and this bioactivation is mediated by P450s. Some plant allelochemicals, including flavonoids such as fiavones, furanocoumarins such as xanthotoxin and imperatorin, and furanochromones such as visnagin, that induce P450s in other lepidopteran larvae ameliorated AFBI toxicity, suggesting that P450s are also involved in AFB 1 detoxification in T. ni.
