A vast majority of mollusks grow a hard shell for protection. The structure of these shells comprises several levels of hierarchy that increase their strength and their resistance to natural threats. This article focu...A vast majority of mollusks grow a hard shell for protection. The structure of these shells comprises several levels of hierarchy that increase their strength and their resistance to natural threats. This article focuses on nacreous shells, which are composed of two distinct layers. The outer layer is made of calcite, which is a hard but brittle material, and the inner layer is made of nacre, a tough and ductile material. The inner and outer layers are therefore made of materials with distinct structures and properties. In this article, we demonstrate that this system is optimum to defeat attacks from predators. A two-scale mod- eling and optimization approach was used. At the macroscale, a two-layer finite element model of a seashell was developed to capture shell geometry. At the microscale, a representative volume element of the microstructure of nacre was used to model the elastic modulus of nacre as well as a multiaxial failure criterion, both expressed as function of microstructural parameters. Experiments were also performed on actual shells of red abalone to validate the results obtained from simulations and gain insight into the way the shell fails under sharp perforation. Both optimization and experimental results revealed that the shell displays optimum performance when two modes of failure coincide within the structure. Finally, guidelines for designing two-layer shells were proposed to improve the performance of engineered protective systems undergoing similar structural and loading conditions.展开更多
大型地下水封石洞油库是目前国内外石油战略储备的重要方式,为保证该类大断面不支护地下洞室群的稳定,需优化洞室群的布置。在分析山东某地下水封洞库群工程地质条件的基础上,建立洞室群数值模型。根据三轴试验、围岩RMR(rock mass rati...大型地下水封石洞油库是目前国内外石油战略储备的重要方式,为保证该类大断面不支护地下洞室群的稳定,需优化洞室群的布置。在分析山东某地下水封洞库群工程地质条件的基础上,建立洞室群数值模型。根据三轴试验、围岩RMR(rock mass rating)分类和广义Heok-Brown准则估计了II、III和IV类围岩的岩体力学参数。以洞室埋深、轴向和间距为因素,采用正交设计的方法进行数值试验,以关键点位移和塑性区面积作为评价指标对试验结果进行直观分析,得到对洞室围岩变形和塑性区面积影响最显著的为洞室轴向,并研究了轴向对围岩变形和塑性区面积的影响,得到该水封洞库洞室群的最优布置方案为埋深-60.0 m,轴向N30°W,间距为25 m。其研究结果对地下水封洞库洞室群的布置具有一定工程意义和理论价值。展开更多
文摘A vast majority of mollusks grow a hard shell for protection. The structure of these shells comprises several levels of hierarchy that increase their strength and their resistance to natural threats. This article focuses on nacreous shells, which are composed of two distinct layers. The outer layer is made of calcite, which is a hard but brittle material, and the inner layer is made of nacre, a tough and ductile material. The inner and outer layers are therefore made of materials with distinct structures and properties. In this article, we demonstrate that this system is optimum to defeat attacks from predators. A two-scale mod- eling and optimization approach was used. At the macroscale, a two-layer finite element model of a seashell was developed to capture shell geometry. At the microscale, a representative volume element of the microstructure of nacre was used to model the elastic modulus of nacre as well as a multiaxial failure criterion, both expressed as function of microstructural parameters. Experiments were also performed on actual shells of red abalone to validate the results obtained from simulations and gain insight into the way the shell fails under sharp perforation. Both optimization and experimental results revealed that the shell displays optimum performance when two modes of failure coincide within the structure. Finally, guidelines for designing two-layer shells were proposed to improve the performance of engineered protective systems undergoing similar structural and loading conditions.
文摘大型地下水封石洞油库是目前国内外石油战略储备的重要方式,为保证该类大断面不支护地下洞室群的稳定,需优化洞室群的布置。在分析山东某地下水封洞库群工程地质条件的基础上,建立洞室群数值模型。根据三轴试验、围岩RMR(rock mass rating)分类和广义Heok-Brown准则估计了II、III和IV类围岩的岩体力学参数。以洞室埋深、轴向和间距为因素,采用正交设计的方法进行数值试验,以关键点位移和塑性区面积作为评价指标对试验结果进行直观分析,得到对洞室围岩变形和塑性区面积影响最显著的为洞室轴向,并研究了轴向对围岩变形和塑性区面积的影响,得到该水封洞库洞室群的最优布置方案为埋深-60.0 m,轴向N30°W,间距为25 m。其研究结果对地下水封洞库洞室群的布置具有一定工程意义和理论价值。
