Based on the analysis of light hydrocarbon compositions of natural gas and regional comparison in combination with the chemical components and carbon isotopic compositions of methane,the indication of geochemical char...Based on the analysis of light hydrocarbon compositions of natural gas and regional comparison in combination with the chemical components and carbon isotopic compositions of methane,the indication of geochemical characteristics of light hydrocarbons on the migration features,dissolution and escape of natural gas from the Dongsheng gas field in the Ordos Basin is revealed,and the effect of migration on specific light hydrocarbon indexes is further discussed.The study indicates that,natural gas from the Lower Shihezi Formation(Pix)in the Dongsheng gas field displays higher iso-C5-7contents than n-C5-7contents,and the C6-7light hydrocarbons are composed of paraffins with extremely low aromatic contents(<0.4%),whereas the C7light hydrocarbons are dominated by methylcyclohexane,suggesting the characteristics of coal-derived gas with the influence by secondary alterations such as dissolution.The natural gas from the Dongsheng gas field has experienced free-phase migration from south to north and different degrees of dissolution after charging,and the gas in the Shiguhao area to the north of the Borjianghaizi fault has experienced apparent diffusion loss after accumulation.Long-distance migration in free phase results in the decrease of the relative contents of the methylcyclohexane in C7 light hydrocarbons and the toluene/n-heptane ratio,as well as the increase of the n-heptane/methylcyclohexane ratio and heptane values.The dissolution causes the increase of isoheptane values of the light hydrocarbons,whereas the diffusion loss of natural gas in the Shiguhao area results in the increase of n-C5-7contents compared to the iso-C5-7contents.展开更多
The pyrite-type FeO_(2)and FeO_(2)H were synthesized at the pressure-temperature conditions relevant to Earth’s deep lower mantle.Through the water-iron reaction,the pyrite-phase is a good candidate to explain the ch...The pyrite-type FeO_(2)and FeO_(2)H were synthesized at the pressure-temperature conditions relevant to Earth’s deep lower mantle.Through the water-iron reaction,the pyrite-phase is a good candidate to explain the chemical heterogeneities and seismological anomalies at the bottom of the mantle.The solid solution of pyrite-type FeO_(2)and FeO_(2)H,namely the FeO_(2)Hx(0≤x≤1),is particularly interesting and introduces puzzling chemical states for both the O and H atoms in the deep mantle.While the role of H in the FeO_(2)–FeO_(2)H system has been primarily investigated,discrepancies remain.In this work,we summarize recent progress on the pyrite-phase,including FeO_(2),FeO_(2)H,and FeO_(2)Hx,which is critical for understanding the water cycling,redox equilibria,and compositional heterogenicities in the deep lower mantle.展开更多
Asthenosphere is a venerable concept based on geological intuition of Reginald Daly nearly 100 years ago. There have been various explanations for the existence of the asthenosphere. The concept of a plume-fed astheno...Asthenosphere is a venerable concept based on geological intuition of Reginald Daly nearly 100 years ago. There have been various explanations for the existence of the asthenosphere. The concept of a plume-fed asthenosphere has been around for a few years due to the ideas put forth by Yamamoto et al.. Using a two-dimensional Cartesian code based on finite-volume method, we have investigated the influences of lower-mantle physical properties on the formation of a low-viscosity zone in the oceanic upper mantle in regions close to a large mantle upwelUng. The rheological law is Newtonian and depends on both temperature and depth. An extended-Boussinesq model is assumed for the energetics and the olivine to spinel, the spinel to perovskite and perovskite to post-perovskite （ppv） phase transitions are considered. We have compared the differences in the behavior of hot upweilings passing through the transition zone in the mid-mantle for a variety of models, starting with constant physical properties in the lower-mantle and culminating with complex models which have the post-perovskite phase transition and depth-dependent coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity. We found that the formation of the asthenosphere in the upper mantle in the vicinity of large upwellings is facilitated in models where both depth-dependent thermal expansivity and conductivity are included. Models with constant thermal expansivity and thermal conductivity do not produce a hot low-viscosity zone, resembling the asthenosphere. We have also studied the influences of a cylindrical model and found similar results as the Cartesian model with the important difference that upper-mantle temperatures were much cooler than the Cartesian model by about 600 to 700 K. Our findings argue for the potentially important role played by lower-mantle material properties on the development of a plume-fed asthenosphere in the oceanic upper mantle.展开更多
In this work, 16 kinds of [FeCl4]--based magnetic ionic liquids （ILs） with different cation structures have been designed and synthesized, and their structures are characterized by IR and Raman spectroscopy. Then th...In this work, 16 kinds of [FeCl4]--based magnetic ionic liquids （ILs） with different cation structures have been designed and synthesized, and their structures are characterized by IR and Raman spectroscopy. Then the lower critical solution temperature （LCST）-type phase behavior of these magnetic ILs in water is investigated as a function of concentration. It is shown that cat- ion structure, alkyl chain length and molar ratio of FeCl3/chloride IL have a significant influence on the LCST of the mixtures. The phase separation temperature can be tuned efficiently by these factors. Meanwhile, the LCST-type phase separation pro- cess is also investigated by dynamic light scattering. The results support the mechanism that the hydrogen bonds of the [Fefl4]- anion with water have been gradually disrupted to form ILs aggregates with increasing temperature. In addition, the stability of the ILs in water is also examined in some details. These LCST-type phase separation systems may have potential applications in extraction and separation techniques at room temperature.展开更多
Lower critical solution temperature(LCST)is the critical temperature below which the solution is miscible for all compositions and above which the solution becomes a suspension.The study of LCST properties has become ...Lower critical solution temperature(LCST)is the critical temperature below which the solution is miscible for all compositions and above which the solution becomes a suspension.The study of LCST properties has become a central research topic due to its profound impact on the applications of stimuli-responsive materials.Inspired by the marriage between materials science and supramolecular chemistry,the introduction of supramolecular pairs and interactions into polymeric LCST systems is increasingly practiced.Especially,supramolecular interactions provide precise control over LCST behavior in both water and organic solvents.Furthermore,supramolecular interactions not only control or adjust LCST behavior(supramolecular interaction controlled LCST),but also induce LCST phase behavior in species lack of thermo-sensitive properties(supramolecular interaction induced LCST).In this review,we summarize the applications of supramolecular interactions in LCST systems.By examining the relationship between supramolecular interactions and LCST changes,we further discuss the differences between supramolecular interaction controlled LCST and supramolecular interaction induced LCST.We hope this review will give our readers a snapshot on how the supramolecular interactions influence the LCST behavior in various systems,and benefit them with different applications.展开更多
In deep space exploration,it is necessary to improve the accuracy of frequency measurement to meet the requirements of precise orbit determination and various scientific studies.A phase detector is one of the key modu...In deep space exploration,it is necessary to improve the accuracy of frequency measurement to meet the requirements of precise orbit determination and various scientific studies.A phase detector is one of the key modules that restricts the tracking performance of phase-locked loop(PLL).Based on the phase relationship between adjacent signals in the time domain,a novel phase detector is presented to replace the arctangent phase detector.The new PLL,which is a closed loop signal correlation algorithm,shows good performance in tracking signals with high precision and the tracking accuracy of frequency of1 second integration is close to Cramer-Rao lower bound(CRLB)when setting proper parameters.Actual data processing results further illustrate the excellent performance of the novel PLL.展开更多
Salt-hydrates have diagnostic cryogenic Raman spectra, which can reflect the composition of the parent solutions. As analogue to the natural fluid inclusions, the synthetic inclusions can be used to validate numerous ...Salt-hydrates have diagnostic cryogenic Raman spectra, which can reflect the composition of the parent solutions. As analogue to the natural fluid inclusions, the synthetic inclusions can be used to validate numerous assumptions related to fluid inclu- sion research. They can also be used to test the feasibility of application of laser Raman spectroscopy to individual fluid inclusion analysis. Using the tech- nique proposed by Sterner and Bodnar(1984), syn- thetic inclusions of the systems H2O and NaCl-H2O (with NaCl as 5.12 wt%, 9.06 wt%, 16.6 wt% and 25 wt%) were formed under the pressures from 50Mpa to 100Mpa and at the temperatures from 500℃ to 600℃. In situ cryogenic Raman spectra were col- lected at about –180℃ by combined use of freezing- heating stage and Laser Raman Microscopy. It is shown that hydrohalite (NaCl?2H2O), the salt-hydrate of NaCl in the fluid inclusions has the specific Raman spectrum and can be used as the standard to verify the existence of NaCl in the aqueous inclusions. The crystalline ice other than amorphous ice (glasses) formed from the aqueous phase whthin the synthetic inclusions during the initial freezing, but hydrohalite did not form. Subsequent warming of these inclusions induced a phase change, typically between ap- proximately –40 and –22℃, that represents the hy- drohalite crystallization event but not a eutectic melting event. So, for fluid inclusions in the system NaCl-H2O, interpretation of phase behavior below the eutectic temperature (–20.8℃) should be made with caution. The ratios of the relative intensity and the area of Raman spectra between 3423 cm–1 peak of hydrohalite and 3098 cm–1 peak of ice show positivecorrelations to the salinities in aqueous inclusions, which can be used to determine the salinity of NaCl- H2O system inclusions.展开更多
Meteorological conditions associated with intense rainfall and great floods over mid- and lower reaches of Yangtze River are studied by analyzing the large-, synoptic-and meso-a-scale circulation systems for 1991, 199...Meteorological conditions associated with intense rainfall and great floods over mid- and lower reaches of Yangtze River are studied by analyzing the large-, synoptic-and meso-a-scale circulation systems for 1991, 1996 and 1998. It is found that the advance and retreat of subtropical high over the West Pacific, the monsoon moisture surge from the South China Sea, cold air outbreak over mid- and high-latitudes, and the meso-α scale systems (250-2500 km) from the Tibetan Pleateau as well, are responsible for intense rainfall over the Yangtze River Valley. The persistent and heavy rains and great floods over the Yangtze River Valley occurred when all these four systems are synergetic or in phase lock.展开更多
The Sinian-Lower Paleozoic （also called the lower association） in Sichuan （四川） basin has undergone geologic evolution for several hundred million years. The subsidence history of the Sinian-Lower Paleozoic can b...The Sinian-Lower Paleozoic （also called the lower association） in Sichuan （四川） basin has undergone geologic evolution for several hundred million years. The subsidence history of the Sinian-Lower Paleozoic can be divided into four stages： the stable subsidence during Cambrian and Silurian; the uplift and denudation during Devonian and Carboniferous; the subsidence （main process） during Permian to Late Cretaceous; and the rapid uplift and denudation since Late Cretaceous. The later two stages could be regarded as critical factors for the development of oil and gas in the lower association. The evolution of energy field such as temperature, pressure, and hydrocarbon phase in the lower association during the deep burial and uplift in the third stage might be induced as follows： （1） super-high pressure was developed during oil-cracking, previous super-high pressure was sustained, or changed as normal pressure during late uplift; （2） temperature increased with deep burial during persistent subsidence and decreased during uplift in late stage; （3） as a response to the change of the energy field, hydrocarbon phase experienced a series of changes such as organic material （solid）, oil （liquid）, oil-cracking gas （gaseous） ＋ bitumen （solid） ＋ abnormal high pressure, gas cap gas with super-high pressure （gaseous） ＋ bitumen （solid） ＋ water soluble gas （liquid）, and gas in pool （gaseous） ＋ water soluble gas （liquid） ＋ bitumen （solid）. The restoration of hydrocarbon phase evolution is of important value for the exploration of natural gas in the Sinian-Lower Paleozoic in Sichuan basin.展开更多
Due to the deficiencies in the conventional multiple-receiver localization syste,.ns based on direction of arrival （DOA） such as system complexity of interferometer or array and ampli- tude/phase unbalance between m...Due to the deficiencies in the conventional multiple-receiver localization syste,.ns based on direction of arrival （DOA） such as system complexity of interferometer or array and ampli- tude/phase unbalance between multiple receiving channels and constraint on antenna configuration, a new radiated source localization method using the changing rate of phase difference （CRPD） measured by a long baseline interferometer （LBI） only is studied. To solve the strictly nonlinear problem, a two-stage closed-form solution is proposed. In the first stage, the DOA and its changing rate are estimated from the CRPD of each observer by the pseudolinear least square （PLS） method, and then in the second stage, the source position and velocity are found by another PLS minimiza- tion. The bias of the algorithm caused by the correlation between the measurement matrix and the noise in the second stage is analyzed. To reduce this bias, an instrumental variable （IV） method is derived. A weighted IV estimator is given in order to reduce the estimation variance. The proposed method does not need any initial guess and the computation is small. The Cramer-Rao lower bound （CRLB） and mean square error （MSE） are also analyzed. Simulation results show that the proposed method can be close to the CRLB with moderate Gaussian measurement noise.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42172149,U2244209)Sinopec Science and Technology Research Project(P23230,P22132)。
文摘Based on the analysis of light hydrocarbon compositions of natural gas and regional comparison in combination with the chemical components and carbon isotopic compositions of methane,the indication of geochemical characteristics of light hydrocarbons on the migration features,dissolution and escape of natural gas from the Dongsheng gas field in the Ordos Basin is revealed,and the effect of migration on specific light hydrocarbon indexes is further discussed.The study indicates that,natural gas from the Lower Shihezi Formation(Pix)in the Dongsheng gas field displays higher iso-C5-7contents than n-C5-7contents,and the C6-7light hydrocarbons are composed of paraffins with extremely low aromatic contents(<0.4%),whereas the C7light hydrocarbons are dominated by methylcyclohexane,suggesting the characteristics of coal-derived gas with the influence by secondary alterations such as dissolution.The natural gas from the Dongsheng gas field has experienced free-phase migration from south to north and different degrees of dissolution after charging,and the gas in the Shiguhao area to the north of the Borjianghaizi fault has experienced apparent diffusion loss after accumulation.Long-distance migration in free phase results in the decrease of the relative contents of the methylcyclohexane in C7 light hydrocarbons and the toluene/n-heptane ratio,as well as the increase of the n-heptane/methylcyclohexane ratio and heptane values.The dissolution causes the increase of isoheptane values of the light hydrocarbons,whereas the diffusion loss of natural gas in the Shiguhao area results in the increase of n-C5-7contents compared to the iso-C5-7contents.
基金NSAF(Grant Nos.U1530402 and U1930401)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant No.17N1051-0213)+2 种基金the National Science Foundation-Earth Sciences(EAR-1128799)the Department of Energy-Geosciences(DE-FG02-94ER14466)HPCAT operations are supported by DOE-NNSA’s Office of Experimental Sciences.APS is supported by DOEBES,under contract No.DE-AC02-06CH11357.
文摘The pyrite-type FeO_(2)and FeO_(2)H were synthesized at the pressure-temperature conditions relevant to Earth’s deep lower mantle.Through the water-iron reaction,the pyrite-phase is a good candidate to explain the chemical heterogeneities and seismological anomalies at the bottom of the mantle.The solid solution of pyrite-type FeO_(2)and FeO_(2)H,namely the FeO_(2)Hx(0≤x≤1),is particularly interesting and introduces puzzling chemical states for both the O and H atoms in the deep mantle.While the role of H in the FeO_(2)–FeO_(2)H system has been primarily investigated,discrepancies remain.In this work,we summarize recent progress on the pyrite-phase,including FeO_(2),FeO_(2)H,and FeO_(2)Hx,which is critical for understanding the water cycling,redox equilibria,and compositional heterogenicities in the deep lower mantle.
基金supported by the CMG Program of the National Science Foundationthe Senior Visiting Professorship Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,the Helmholtz Association through the Research Alliance "Planetary Evolution and Life",and the European Commission through the Marie Curie Research Training Network c2c (No. MRTN-CT-2006-035957)
文摘Asthenosphere is a venerable concept based on geological intuition of Reginald Daly nearly 100 years ago. There have been various explanations for the existence of the asthenosphere. The concept of a plume-fed asthenosphere has been around for a few years due to the ideas put forth by Yamamoto et al.. Using a two-dimensional Cartesian code based on finite-volume method, we have investigated the influences of lower-mantle physical properties on the formation of a low-viscosity zone in the oceanic upper mantle in regions close to a large mantle upwelUng. The rheological law is Newtonian and depends on both temperature and depth. An extended-Boussinesq model is assumed for the energetics and the olivine to spinel, the spinel to perovskite and perovskite to post-perovskite （ppv） phase transitions are considered. We have compared the differences in the behavior of hot upweilings passing through the transition zone in the mid-mantle for a variety of models, starting with constant physical properties in the lower-mantle and culminating with complex models which have the post-perovskite phase transition and depth-dependent coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity. We found that the formation of the asthenosphere in the upper mantle in the vicinity of large upwellings is facilitated in models where both depth-dependent thermal expansivity and conductivity are included. Models with constant thermal expansivity and thermal conductivity do not produce a hot low-viscosity zone, resembling the asthenosphere. We have also studied the influences of a cylindrical model and found similar results as the Cartesian model with the important difference that upper-mantle temperatures were much cooler than the Cartesian model by about 600 to 700 K. Our findings argue for the potentially important role played by lower-mantle material properties on the development of a plume-fed asthenosphere in the oceanic upper mantle.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21473050, 21403060)Program for Innovative Research Team in Science and Technology in University of Henan Province (16IRTSTHN002)+1 种基金Plan for Scientific Innovation Talent of Henan Province of China (144200510004)the Natural Science Research Program of Henan Educational Committee (2010A150014)
文摘In this work, 16 kinds of [FeCl4]--based magnetic ionic liquids （ILs） with different cation structures have been designed and synthesized, and their structures are characterized by IR and Raman spectroscopy. Then the lower critical solution temperature （LCST）-type phase behavior of these magnetic ILs in water is investigated as a function of concentration. It is shown that cat- ion structure, alkyl chain length and molar ratio of FeCl3/chloride IL have a significant influence on the LCST of the mixtures. The phase separation temperature can be tuned efficiently by these factors. Meanwhile, the LCST-type phase separation pro- cess is also investigated by dynamic light scattering. The results support the mechanism that the hydrogen bonds of the [Fefl4]- anion with water have been gradually disrupted to form ILs aggregates with increasing temperature. In addition, the stability of the ILs in water is also examined in some details. These LCST-type phase separation systems may have potential applications in extraction and separation techniques at room temperature.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:21801203HuxiangYoung Talent Program fromHunan Province,Grant/Award Number:2018RS3036。
文摘Lower critical solution temperature(LCST)is the critical temperature below which the solution is miscible for all compositions and above which the solution becomes a suspension.The study of LCST properties has become a central research topic due to its profound impact on the applications of stimuli-responsive materials.Inspired by the marriage between materials science and supramolecular chemistry,the introduction of supramolecular pairs and interactions into polymeric LCST systems is increasingly practiced.Especially,supramolecular interactions provide precise control over LCST behavior in both water and organic solvents.Furthermore,supramolecular interactions not only control or adjust LCST behavior(supramolecular interaction controlled LCST),but also induce LCST phase behavior in species lack of thermo-sensitive properties(supramolecular interaction induced LCST).In this review,we summarize the applications of supramolecular interactions in LCST systems.By examining the relationship between supramolecular interactions and LCST changes,we further discuss the differences between supramolecular interaction controlled LCST and supramolecular interaction induced LCST.We hope this review will give our readers a snapshot on how the supramolecular interactions influence the LCST behavior in various systems,and benefit them with different applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11773060,11973074,U1831137,11703070 and 11803069)the National Key Basic Research and Development Program(2018YFA0404702)+1 种基金Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Navigation and Positioning(3912DZ227330001)the Key Laboratory for Radio Astronomy of CAS。
文摘In deep space exploration,it is necessary to improve the accuracy of frequency measurement to meet the requirements of precise orbit determination and various scientific studies.A phase detector is one of the key modules that restricts the tracking performance of phase-locked loop(PLL).Based on the phase relationship between adjacent signals in the time domain,a novel phase detector is presented to replace the arctangent phase detector.The new PLL,which is a closed loop signal correlation algorithm,shows good performance in tracking signals with high precision and the tracking accuracy of frequency of1 second integration is close to Cramer-Rao lower bound(CRLB)when setting proper parameters.Actual data processing results further illustrate the excellent performance of the novel PLL.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40221301).
文摘Salt-hydrates have diagnostic cryogenic Raman spectra, which can reflect the composition of the parent solutions. As analogue to the natural fluid inclusions, the synthetic inclusions can be used to validate numerous assumptions related to fluid inclu- sion research. They can also be used to test the feasibility of application of laser Raman spectroscopy to individual fluid inclusion analysis. Using the tech- nique proposed by Sterner and Bodnar(1984), syn- thetic inclusions of the systems H2O and NaCl-H2O (with NaCl as 5.12 wt%, 9.06 wt%, 16.6 wt% and 25 wt%) were formed under the pressures from 50Mpa to 100Mpa and at the temperatures from 500℃ to 600℃. In situ cryogenic Raman spectra were col- lected at about –180℃ by combined use of freezing- heating stage and Laser Raman Microscopy. It is shown that hydrohalite (NaCl?2H2O), the salt-hydrate of NaCl in the fluid inclusions has the specific Raman spectrum and can be used as the standard to verify the existence of NaCl in the aqueous inclusions. The crystalline ice other than amorphous ice (glasses) formed from the aqueous phase whthin the synthetic inclusions during the initial freezing, but hydrohalite did not form. Subsequent warming of these inclusions induced a phase change, typically between ap- proximately –40 and –22℃, that represents the hy- drohalite crystallization event but not a eutectic melting event. So, for fluid inclusions in the system NaCl-H2O, interpretation of phase behavior below the eutectic temperature (–20.8℃) should be made with caution. The ratios of the relative intensity and the area of Raman spectra between 3423 cm–1 peak of hydrohalite and 3098 cm–1 peak of ice show positivecorrelations to the salinities in aqueous inclusions, which can be used to determine the salinity of NaCl- H2O system inclusions.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Basic Research Development Program (Grant Nos. G1998040908 (part 1) G1998040900 (part 2)) the Key Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-203).
文摘Meteorological conditions associated with intense rainfall and great floods over mid- and lower reaches of Yangtze River are studied by analyzing the large-, synoptic-and meso-a-scale circulation systems for 1991, 1996 and 1998. It is found that the advance and retreat of subtropical high over the West Pacific, the monsoon moisture surge from the South China Sea, cold air outbreak over mid- and high-latitudes, and the meso-α scale systems (250-2500 km) from the Tibetan Pleateau as well, are responsible for intense rainfall over the Yangtze River Valley. The persistent and heavy rains and great floods over the Yangtze River Valley occurred when all these four systems are synergetic or in phase lock.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Pro-gram of China (No. 2005CB422106)
文摘The Sinian-Lower Paleozoic （also called the lower association） in Sichuan （四川） basin has undergone geologic evolution for several hundred million years. The subsidence history of the Sinian-Lower Paleozoic can be divided into four stages： the stable subsidence during Cambrian and Silurian; the uplift and denudation during Devonian and Carboniferous; the subsidence （main process） during Permian to Late Cretaceous; and the rapid uplift and denudation since Late Cretaceous. The later two stages could be regarded as critical factors for the development of oil and gas in the lower association. The evolution of energy field such as temperature, pressure, and hydrocarbon phase in the lower association during the deep burial and uplift in the third stage might be induced as follows： （1） super-high pressure was developed during oil-cracking, previous super-high pressure was sustained, or changed as normal pressure during late uplift; （2） temperature increased with deep burial during persistent subsidence and decreased during uplift in late stage; （3） as a response to the change of the energy field, hydrocarbon phase experienced a series of changes such as organic material （solid）, oil （liquid）, oil-cracking gas （gaseous） ＋ bitumen （solid） ＋ abnormal high pressure, gas cap gas with super-high pressure （gaseous） ＋ bitumen （solid） ＋ water soluble gas （liquid）, and gas in pool （gaseous） ＋ water soluble gas （liquid） ＋ bitumen （solid）. The restoration of hydrocarbon phase evolution is of important value for the exploration of natural gas in the Sinian-Lower Paleozoic in Sichuan basin.
基金co-supported by the Foundation of National Defense Key Laboratory of China (No. 9140C860304)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No. 2011AA7072048)
文摘Due to the deficiencies in the conventional multiple-receiver localization syste,.ns based on direction of arrival （DOA） such as system complexity of interferometer or array and ampli- tude/phase unbalance between multiple receiving channels and constraint on antenna configuration, a new radiated source localization method using the changing rate of phase difference （CRPD） measured by a long baseline interferometer （LBI） only is studied. To solve the strictly nonlinear problem, a two-stage closed-form solution is proposed. In the first stage, the DOA and its changing rate are estimated from the CRPD of each observer by the pseudolinear least square （PLS） method, and then in the second stage, the source position and velocity are found by another PLS minimiza- tion. The bias of the algorithm caused by the correlation between the measurement matrix and the noise in the second stage is analyzed. To reduce this bias, an instrumental variable （IV） method is derived. A weighted IV estimator is given in order to reduce the estimation variance. The proposed method does not need any initial guess and the computation is small. The Cramer-Rao lower bound （CRLB） and mean square error （MSE） are also analyzed. Simulation results show that the proposed method can be close to the CRLB with moderate Gaussian measurement noise.
