In the paper, we briefly introduce the development and present situation of earthquake insurance in China and foreign countries, and the evaluation of earthquake losses on the basis of seismic risk and structural vuln...In the paper, we briefly introduce the development and present situation of earthquake insurance in China and foreign countries, and the evaluation of earthquake losses on the basis of seismic risk and structural vulnerability analyses. The emphasis is given to the probabilistic density function of earthquake loss adjustment for a single building under the given insurance policy and the overall variance of estimated earthquake losses aggregated from various locations with keen interest in the insurance industries. The correlation coefficient for the damages among single structures in the United States is also introduced to interpret the risk of loss concentration in the earthquake insurance. The paper provides a scientific basis for adjusting earthquake loss and premium rate, and it also provides a useful reference for the application and expansion of earthquake insurance in China.展开更多
Water erosion is a natural fact in the cycle of shaping the earth’s landforms and the most evident form of land degradation on a planetary scale </span></span><a href="#R20"><span style...Water erosion is a natural fact in the cycle of shaping the earth’s landforms and the most evident form of land degradation on a planetary scale </span></span><a href="#R20"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(Roose & De Noni, 2004;</span></span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span><span><span style="font-family:"color:#538135;"> </span></span></span><a href="#R08"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Dautrebande & Sohier, 2006;</span></span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span><span><span style="font-family:"color:#538135;"> </span></span></span><a href="#R25"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Toumi et al., 2013;</span></span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span><span><span style="font-family:"color:#538135;"> </span></span></span><a href="#R03"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Azaiez, 2020a)</span></span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Its effects have largely affected the rural landscape. Although it is the result of an ancient and primeval climatic and tectonic forcing, man’s footprint in its intensification remains a reality. A real awareness of this problem on the part of scientists is reflected in the many studies on understanding the risks. Experiments have been carried out, equations and models have been developed with the aim of preserving the soil. The watershed of wadi El Badalah, the subject of this study, is not excluded from this risk. The present research is a new comparative contribution to the quantification of soil loss based on four empirical models (Universal Soil Loss Equation USLE, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation RUSLE, Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation MUSLE and the adjuste展开更多
基金Key research project of China Earthquake Administration (0303008).
文摘In the paper, we briefly introduce the development and present situation of earthquake insurance in China and foreign countries, and the evaluation of earthquake losses on the basis of seismic risk and structural vulnerability analyses. The emphasis is given to the probabilistic density function of earthquake loss adjustment for a single building under the given insurance policy and the overall variance of estimated earthquake losses aggregated from various locations with keen interest in the insurance industries. The correlation coefficient for the damages among single structures in the United States is also introduced to interpret the risk of loss concentration in the earthquake insurance. The paper provides a scientific basis for adjusting earthquake loss and premium rate, and it also provides a useful reference for the application and expansion of earthquake insurance in China.
文摘Water erosion is a natural fact in the cycle of shaping the earth’s landforms and the most evident form of land degradation on a planetary scale </span></span><a href="#R20"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(Roose & De Noni, 2004;</span></span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span><span><span style="font-family:"color:#538135;"> </span></span></span><a href="#R08"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Dautrebande & Sohier, 2006;</span></span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span><span><span style="font-family:"color:#538135;"> </span></span></span><a href="#R25"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Toumi et al., 2013;</span></span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span><span><span style="font-family:"color:#538135;"> </span></span></span><a href="#R03"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Azaiez, 2020a)</span></span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Its effects have largely affected the rural landscape. Although it is the result of an ancient and primeval climatic and tectonic forcing, man’s footprint in its intensification remains a reality. A real awareness of this problem on the part of scientists is reflected in the many studies on understanding the risks. Experiments have been carried out, equations and models have been developed with the aim of preserving the soil. The watershed of wadi El Badalah, the subject of this study, is not excluded from this risk. The present research is a new comparative contribution to the quantification of soil loss based on four empirical models (Universal Soil Loss Equation USLE, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation RUSLE, Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation MUSLE and the adjuste
