The research mainly discuss that public speeches should be made and delivered in accordance of speaking situation. By investigating different sample public speeches, it can be found that proper use of"context of ...The research mainly discuss that public speeches should be made and delivered in accordance of speaking situation. By investigating different sample public speeches, it can be found that proper use of"context of situation"plays an important role in making public speeches appropriate both in linguistic scope and in social scope. The research also gives some suggestions on writing of public speeches.展开更多
This paper argues in favor of an Optimality Theory(OT)constraint hierarchy governing the phonotactics of nasal+obstruent clusters in English.The paper shows that in careful speech English has a strong tendency favorin...This paper argues in favor of an Optimality Theory(OT)constraint hierarchy governing the phonotactics of nasal+obstruent clusters in English.The paper shows that in careful speech English has a strong tendency favoring voiceless obstruents after nasals both in medial and coda positions,and retains a contrast between voiced and voiceless obstruents,as supported by statistical data.Thus the paper proposes that,in English,the Optimality constraint IDENT-IO(ObsVce)dominates*NO.We also show that in English voiced coronal stops are retained post-nasally,whereas voiced peripheral(labial and velar)stops are deleted(or,rather,not permitted).To explain this phenomenon,the paper proposes that the markedness constraint VOICED-CODA ranks between MAX-COR and MAX-PER,and the constraints IDENT-IO(ObsVce)and*VOICED-CODA work in tandem to result in the deletion of peripheral voiced stops.It shows that the same constraint hierarchy also applies to nasal+non-stop obstruent clusters,i.e.clusters with fricatives and affricates,both medially and in final position.Finally,It is pointed out that as language is changing,this is reflected in a changing constraint hierarchy as well.If*VOICEDCODA and*NO become higher ranked,this would cause either devoicing or deletion of voiced obstruents in the coda,or it would cause obstruents after nasals to become voiced.Both processes are found in faster,informal speech styles and may reflect change in progress.展开更多
A speaker’s command of language is much influenced by his social status. People from different social classes use different varieties of language. All social linguistic studies concern language in a social context, t...A speaker’s command of language is much influenced by his social status. People from different social classes use different varieties of language. All social linguistic studies concern language in a social context, treating speakers as members of social groups. Labov’ s studies give us a lot in this aspect.展开更多
The existing auditory computational mod- els for evaluating speech intelligibility can only account for energetic masking, and the effect of informational masking is rarely described in these models. This study was ai...The existing auditory computational mod- els for evaluating speech intelligibility can only account for energetic masking, and the effect of informational masking is rarely described in these models. This study was aimed to make a computational model considering the mechanism of informational masking. Several psy- choacoustic experiments were conducted to test the ef- fect of informational masking on speech intelligibility by manipulating the number of masking talker, speech rate, and the similarity of F0 contour between target and masker. The results showed that the speech recep- tion threshold for the target increased as the F0 contours of the masker became more similar to that of the tar- get, suggesting that the difficulty in segregating the tar- get harmonics from the masker harmonics may underlie the informational masking effect. Based on these stud- ies, a new auditory computational model was made by inducing the auditory function of harmonic extraction to the traditional model of speech intelligibility index （SII）, named as harmonic extraction （HF） model. The predictions of the HF model are highly consistent with the experimental results.展开更多
文摘The research mainly discuss that public speeches should be made and delivered in accordance of speaking situation. By investigating different sample public speeches, it can be found that proper use of"context of situation"plays an important role in making public speeches appropriate both in linguistic scope and in social scope. The research also gives some suggestions on writing of public speeches.
文摘This paper argues in favor of an Optimality Theory(OT)constraint hierarchy governing the phonotactics of nasal+obstruent clusters in English.The paper shows that in careful speech English has a strong tendency favoring voiceless obstruents after nasals both in medial and coda positions,and retains a contrast between voiced and voiceless obstruents,as supported by statistical data.Thus the paper proposes that,in English,the Optimality constraint IDENT-IO(ObsVce)dominates*NO.We also show that in English voiced coronal stops are retained post-nasally,whereas voiced peripheral(labial and velar)stops are deleted(or,rather,not permitted).To explain this phenomenon,the paper proposes that the markedness constraint VOICED-CODA ranks between MAX-COR and MAX-PER,and the constraints IDENT-IO(ObsVce)and*VOICED-CODA work in tandem to result in the deletion of peripheral voiced stops.It shows that the same constraint hierarchy also applies to nasal+non-stop obstruent clusters,i.e.clusters with fricatives and affricates,both medially and in final position.Finally,It is pointed out that as language is changing,this is reflected in a changing constraint hierarchy as well.If*VOICEDCODA and*NO become higher ranked,this would cause either devoicing or deletion of voiced obstruents in the coda,or it would cause obstruents after nasals to become voiced.Both processes are found in faster,informal speech styles and may reflect change in progress.
文摘A speaker’s command of language is much influenced by his social status. People from different social classes use different varieties of language. All social linguistic studies concern language in a social context, treating speakers as members of social groups. Labov’ s studies give us a lot in this aspect.
文摘The existing auditory computational mod- els for evaluating speech intelligibility can only account for energetic masking, and the effect of informational masking is rarely described in these models. This study was aimed to make a computational model considering the mechanism of informational masking. Several psy- choacoustic experiments were conducted to test the ef- fect of informational masking on speech intelligibility by manipulating the number of masking talker, speech rate, and the similarity of F0 contour between target and masker. The results showed that the speech recep- tion threshold for the target increased as the F0 contours of the masker became more similar to that of the tar- get, suggesting that the difficulty in segregating the tar- get harmonics from the masker harmonics may underlie the informational masking effect. Based on these stud- ies, a new auditory computational model was made by inducing the auditory function of harmonic extraction to the traditional model of speech intelligibility index （SII）, named as harmonic extraction （HF） model. The predictions of the HF model are highly consistent with the experimental results.
