In the present article we review behavioral and neurophysiological studies on face processing in adults and in early development. From the existing empirical and theoretical literature we derive three aspects that dis...In the present article we review behavioral and neurophysiological studies on face processing in adults and in early development. From the existing empirical and theoretical literature we derive three aspects that distinguish face processing from the processing of other visual object categories. Each of these aspects is discussed from a developmental perspective. First, faces are recognized and represented at the individual level rather than at the basic level. Second, humans typically acquire extensive expertise in individuating faces from early on in development. And third, more than other objects, faces are processed holistically. There is a quantitative difference in the amount of visual experience for faces and other object categories in that the amount of expertise typically acquired for faces is greater than that for other object categories. In addition, we discuss possible qualitative differences in experience for faces and objects. For instance, there is evidence for a sensitive period in infancy for building up a holistic face representation and for perceptual narrowing for faces of one＇s own species and race. We conclude our literature review with questions for future research, for instance, regarding the exact relationship between behavioral and neuronal markers of face processing across development.展开更多
面孔知觉可能在区域尺度上发生多维信息整合,但迄今无特异性实验证据。本研究在两个实验中操纵面孔眼睛区域或嘴巴区域的单维构型或特征信息,测量人们觉察单维变化或跨维共变的敏感度,以此检测面孔区域尺度上的多维信息整合有何现象与规...面孔知觉可能在区域尺度上发生多维信息整合,但迄今无特异性实验证据。本研究在两个实验中操纵面孔眼睛区域或嘴巴区域的单维构型或特征信息,测量人们觉察单维变化或跨维共变的敏感度,以此检测面孔区域尺度上的多维信息整合有何现象与规律,进而揭示面孔知觉的多维信息整合机制。实验获得3个发现:(1)正立面孔眼睛区域的信息变化觉察呈现出“跨维共变增益效应”,跨维信息共变觉察的敏感度显著高于任意一种单维信息变化觉察的敏感度;(2)“跨维共变增益效应”只在正立面孔的眼睛区域出现,在倒置面孔的眼睛区域、正立面孔的嘴巴区域或倒置面孔的嘴巴区域都没有出现,因此具有面孔区域特异性和面孔朝向特异性;(3)就单维信息变化觉察而言,眼睛区域的敏感度不会受到面孔倒置的损伤,但是嘴巴区域的敏感度会受到面孔倒置的显著损伤。综合可知,面孔知觉确实会发生区域尺度上的信息整合,它不是普遍性的信息量效应,而是特异性的眼睛效应(只发生在正立面孔的眼睛区域)。这是面孔整体加工(face holistic processing)在单维信息分辨和多维信息整合之间建立联系的必经环节。这提示我们对全脸多维信息知觉整合的理解需要从传统的面孔整体加工假设升级到以眼睛为中心的层级化多维信息整合算法(a hierarchical algorithm for multi-dimensional information integration)。展开更多
As huge volumes of data are organized or exported in tree-structured form, it is quite necessary to extract useful information from these data collections using effective and efficient query processing methods. A natu...As huge volumes of data are organized or exported in tree-structured form, it is quite necessary to extract useful information from these data collections using effective and efficient query processing methods. A natural way of retrieving desired information from XML documents is using twig pattern （TP）, which is, actually, the core component of existing XML query languages. Twig pattern possesses the inherent feature that query nodes on the same path have concrete precedence relationships. It is this feature that makes it infeasible in many actual scenarios. This has driven the requirement of relaxing the complete specification of a twig pattern to express more flexible semantic constraints in a single query expression. In this paper, we focus on query evaluation of partially specified twig pattern （PSTP） queries, through which we can reap the most flexibility of specifying partial semantic constraints in a query expression. We propose an extension to XPath through introducing two Samepath axes to support partial semantic constraints in a concise but effective way. Then we propose a stack based algorithm, pTwigStack, to process a PSTP holistically without deriving the concrete twig patterns and then processing them one by one. Further, we propose two DTD schema based optimization methods to improve the performance of pTwigStack algorithm. Our experimental results on various datasets indicate that our method performs significantly better than existing ones when processing PSTPs.展开更多
It is widely acknowledged that holistic processing is a key characteristic of face perception.Although holistic processing implies the automatic integration of face parts,it is unclear whether such processing requires...It is widely acknowledged that holistic processing is a key characteristic of face perception.Although holistic processing implies the automatic integration of face parts,it is unclear whether such processing requires the awareness of face parts.Here,we investigated the interactions between visible face parts and face parts rendered invisible using continuous flash suppression(CFS).In the first experiment with the upper half-face visible and the lower half-face invisible,the results showed that perceived face identity was influenced by the invisible lower half-face,suggesting that integration occurs between the visible and invisible face parts,a variant of the“composite face effect”.In the second experiment,we investigated the influence of visible face parts on the processing of invisible face parts,as measured by the time it took for the invisible parts to break out from CFS.The results showed a visible-to-invisible facilitation effect,that the aligned invisible face parts broke through CFS faster than when the visible and invisible face parts were misaligned.Visible eyes had a stronger influence on the invisible nose/mouth than the other way around.Such facilitation of processing from visible to invisible parts was also found when Chinese characters were used as stimuli.These results show that information integration occurs across the consciousness boundary.展开更多
文摘In the present article we review behavioral and neurophysiological studies on face processing in adults and in early development. From the existing empirical and theoretical literature we derive three aspects that distinguish face processing from the processing of other visual object categories. Each of these aspects is discussed from a developmental perspective. First, faces are recognized and represented at the individual level rather than at the basic level. Second, humans typically acquire extensive expertise in individuating faces from early on in development. And third, more than other objects, faces are processed holistically. There is a quantitative difference in the amount of visual experience for faces and other object categories in that the amount of expertise typically acquired for faces is greater than that for other object categories. In addition, we discuss possible qualitative differences in experience for faces and objects. For instance, there is evidence for a sensitive period in infancy for building up a holistic face representation and for perceptual narrowing for faces of one＇s own species and race. We conclude our literature review with questions for future research, for instance, regarding the exact relationship between behavioral and neuronal markers of face processing across development.
文摘面孔知觉可能在区域尺度上发生多维信息整合,但迄今无特异性实验证据。本研究在两个实验中操纵面孔眼睛区域或嘴巴区域的单维构型或特征信息,测量人们觉察单维变化或跨维共变的敏感度,以此检测面孔区域尺度上的多维信息整合有何现象与规律,进而揭示面孔知觉的多维信息整合机制。实验获得3个发现:(1)正立面孔眼睛区域的信息变化觉察呈现出“跨维共变增益效应”,跨维信息共变觉察的敏感度显著高于任意一种单维信息变化觉察的敏感度;(2)“跨维共变增益效应”只在正立面孔的眼睛区域出现,在倒置面孔的眼睛区域、正立面孔的嘴巴区域或倒置面孔的嘴巴区域都没有出现,因此具有面孔区域特异性和面孔朝向特异性;(3)就单维信息变化觉察而言,眼睛区域的敏感度不会受到面孔倒置的损伤,但是嘴巴区域的敏感度会受到面孔倒置的显著损伤。综合可知,面孔知觉确实会发生区域尺度上的信息整合,它不是普遍性的信息量效应,而是特异性的眼睛效应(只发生在正立面孔的眼睛区域)。这是面孔整体加工(face holistic processing)在单维信息分辨和多维信息整合之间建立联系的必经环节。这提示我们对全脸多维信息知觉整合的理解需要从传统的面孔整体加工假设升级到以眼睛为中心的层级化多维信息整合算法(a hierarchical algorithm for multi-dimensional information integration)。
基金Supported partially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60833005)the National High-Tech Research & Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2007AA01Z155, 2009AA011904)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2003CB317000)
文摘As huge volumes of data are organized or exported in tree-structured form, it is quite necessary to extract useful information from these data collections using effective and efficient query processing methods. A natural way of retrieving desired information from XML documents is using twig pattern （TP）, which is, actually, the core component of existing XML query languages. Twig pattern possesses the inherent feature that query nodes on the same path have concrete precedence relationships. It is this feature that makes it infeasible in many actual scenarios. This has driven the requirement of relaxing the complete specification of a twig pattern to express more flexible semantic constraints in a single query expression. In this paper, we focus on query evaluation of partially specified twig pattern （PSTP） queries, through which we can reap the most flexibility of specifying partial semantic constraints in a query expression. We propose an extension to XPath through introducing two Samepath axes to support partial semantic constraints in a concise but effective way. Then we propose a stack based algorithm, pTwigStack, to process a PSTP holistically without deriving the concrete twig patterns and then processing them one by one. Further, we propose two DTD schema based optimization methods to improve the performance of pTwigStack algorithm. Our experimental results on various datasets indicate that our method performs significantly better than existing ones when processing PSTPs.
基金This work was supported by a Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences(KJZD-SW-L08)Strategy Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Science(XDB32020200)the Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(Z181100001518002).
文摘It is widely acknowledged that holistic processing is a key characteristic of face perception.Although holistic processing implies the automatic integration of face parts,it is unclear whether such processing requires the awareness of face parts.Here,we investigated the interactions between visible face parts and face parts rendered invisible using continuous flash suppression(CFS).In the first experiment with the upper half-face visible and the lower half-face invisible,the results showed that perceived face identity was influenced by the invisible lower half-face,suggesting that integration occurs between the visible and invisible face parts,a variant of the“composite face effect”.In the second experiment,we investigated the influence of visible face parts on the processing of invisible face parts,as measured by the time it took for the invisible parts to break out from CFS.The results showed a visible-to-invisible facilitation effect,that the aligned invisible face parts broke through CFS faster than when the visible and invisible face parts were misaligned.Visible eyes had a stronger influence on the invisible nose/mouth than the other way around.Such facilitation of processing from visible to invisible parts was also found when Chinese characters were used as stimuli.These results show that information integration occurs across the consciousness boundary.
