The effects of composition of bio-jet fuels on freezing point,smoke point,distillation range,and flash point are investigated.Performance tests using petroleum-based jet fuel with different compositions are conducted ...The effects of composition of bio-jet fuels on freezing point,smoke point,distillation range,and flash point are investigated.Performance tests using petroleum-based jet fuel with different compositions are conducted in line with standard test specifications.The results show that alkylbenzenes reduce the freezing point,with the amount of reduction becoming greater with increasing alkylbenzene content.For a 25%content of the C_8 aromatic xylene,the freezing point is in the range from-55.5℃to-60.1℃.The presence of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons leads to an increase in carbon deposition performance,especially when alkyl side chains are present.With cycloalkanes,carbon deposition is reduced,although alkyl side chains weaken this beneficial effect.Isomeric hydrocarbons are beneficial in reducing carbon deposition.The ASTM D7566 specifications for the distillation range are based on the average properties of petroleum-based aviation fuel,and if all the parameters governing the distillation range of an alternative jet fuel are at their lower limits,it is necessary to check whether other performance standards are met.Light components affect the flash point greatly,with 5%of benzene reducing the flash point by 17℃,whereas intermediate components(e.g.,xylene and ethylbenzene)and heavier components have less impact.Although alcohols provide better combustion performance,their content must be strictly limited owing to their effects in reducing the flash point.展开更多
讨论了基于发动机类别及其飞机的藻基航空替代燃料与常规航空燃料对全生命周期的影响。基于GREET(the greenhouse gases,regulated emissions,and energy use in transportation)模型,依据平均载荷、最大航程,将民航客机分为单通道窄体...讨论了基于发动机类别及其飞机的藻基航空替代燃料与常规航空燃料对全生命周期的影响。基于GREET(the greenhouse gases,regulated emissions,and energy use in transportation)模型,依据平均载荷、最大航程,将民航客机分为单通道窄体、双通道中型、双通道大型、巨型、支线和公务机等6类。起飞、爬升、进近、滑行、巡航过程的燃料消耗及排放采用国际民用航空组织、美国NASA-AAFEX实验、欧洲EASA适航条例提供的数据。计算了6类发动机-飞机的气体排放、能量消耗情况。在双通道大型客机中藻基航空替代燃料制备过程的温室气体排放仅为0.2351g/(kg·km),原因为该类客机与小型飞机相比有更好的发动机效率和运输效率。然而由于起飞降落过程排放比例较大,单通道窄体客机在航程上对温室气体排放变化更为敏感。展开更多
The development of hydrogen redox electric power generators for infinite cruising range electric vehicles represents a true technological breakthrough. Such systems consist of a polymer electrolyte membrane hydrogen e...The development of hydrogen redox electric power generators for infinite cruising range electric vehicles represents a true technological breakthrough. Such systems consist of a polymer electrolyte membrane hydrogen electrolytic cell equipped with an electrostatic-induction potential-superposed water electrolytic cell that provides a stoichiometric H2-O2 fuel mixture during operation of the vehicle. This generator functions with zero power input, zero matter input and zero emission due to the so-called ＂zero power input＂ electrostatic-to-chemical energy conversion occurring in the electrolytic cell. Here, theoretical simulations were performed to verify the target performance of such generators, assuming a pair of FC （fuel cell） and electrolytic cell stacks, both of which are commercially available.展开更多
基金The financial support by the Scientific research project of Tianjin Education Commission (2020KJ022)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Civil Aviation Universion of China,3122023048)。
文摘The effects of composition of bio-jet fuels on freezing point,smoke point,distillation range,and flash point are investigated.Performance tests using petroleum-based jet fuel with different compositions are conducted in line with standard test specifications.The results show that alkylbenzenes reduce the freezing point,with the amount of reduction becoming greater with increasing alkylbenzene content.For a 25%content of the C_8 aromatic xylene,the freezing point is in the range from-55.5℃to-60.1℃.The presence of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons leads to an increase in carbon deposition performance,especially when alkyl side chains are present.With cycloalkanes,carbon deposition is reduced,although alkyl side chains weaken this beneficial effect.Isomeric hydrocarbons are beneficial in reducing carbon deposition.The ASTM D7566 specifications for the distillation range are based on the average properties of petroleum-based aviation fuel,and if all the parameters governing the distillation range of an alternative jet fuel are at their lower limits,it is necessary to check whether other performance standards are met.Light components affect the flash point greatly,with 5%of benzene reducing the flash point by 17℃,whereas intermediate components(e.g.,xylene and ethylbenzene)and heavier components have less impact.Although alcohols provide better combustion performance,their content must be strictly limited owing to their effects in reducing the flash point.
文摘讨论了基于发动机类别及其飞机的藻基航空替代燃料与常规航空燃料对全生命周期的影响。基于GREET(the greenhouse gases,regulated emissions,and energy use in transportation)模型,依据平均载荷、最大航程,将民航客机分为单通道窄体、双通道中型、双通道大型、巨型、支线和公务机等6类。起飞、爬升、进近、滑行、巡航过程的燃料消耗及排放采用国际民用航空组织、美国NASA-AAFEX实验、欧洲EASA适航条例提供的数据。计算了6类发动机-飞机的气体排放、能量消耗情况。在双通道大型客机中藻基航空替代燃料制备过程的温室气体排放仅为0.2351g/(kg·km),原因为该类客机与小型飞机相比有更好的发动机效率和运输效率。然而由于起飞降落过程排放比例较大,单通道窄体客机在航程上对温室气体排放变化更为敏感。
文摘The development of hydrogen redox electric power generators for infinite cruising range electric vehicles represents a true technological breakthrough. Such systems consist of a polymer electrolyte membrane hydrogen electrolytic cell equipped with an electrostatic-induction potential-superposed water electrolytic cell that provides a stoichiometric H2-O2 fuel mixture during operation of the vehicle. This generator functions with zero power input, zero matter input and zero emission due to the so-called ＂zero power input＂ electrostatic-to-chemical energy conversion occurring in the electrolytic cell. Here, theoretical simulations were performed to verify the target performance of such generators, assuming a pair of FC （fuel cell） and electrolytic cell stacks, both of which are commercially available.
