Differences in boldness are common between populations or between related species and are discussed as part of individual coping style, personality, or behavioral syndrome. Boldness has been found to be dependent on e...Differences in boldness are common between populations or between related species and are discussed as part of individual coping style, personality, or behavioral syndrome. Boldness has been found to be dependent on experience, social, and environmental contexts. The major aim of the present study was to establish an experimental environment that would allow analyzing the risk-taking behavior of 2 competing invasive goby species. Neogobius melanostomus was more active in the absence of a predator Sander lucioperca than N. fluviatilis and clearly spent more time ＂swimming＂ and ＂feeding＂ than N. fluviatilis. In addition, N. melanostomus was always faster than N. fluviatilis both when leaving the shelter and reaching offered food. Based on the different behaviors recorded, species-specific boldness scores were established using a principal component analysis. Although there was no overall difference in boldness scores between the 2 species, both competitive conditions and the effect of the predator played significant roles as factors influencing boldness. Neogobius melanostomus was more affected by the presence/absence of the predator than the social circumstances. Neogobius fluviatilis, on the other hand, was more active and bolder in competitive situations. However, when alone, N. fluviatilis was rather inactive and displayed altogether shy behavior, independent of the presence/ absence of the predator. Thus, the study confirms the prediction that there are differences in behavior and behavioral plasticity, and therein predator-avoidance strategies, between ecologically similar species of goby living in sympatry. We argue that these differences may be related to differential habitat use of both invasive species that presently dominate the fish community in the Lower Rhine.展开更多
以河鲈为研究材料,对河鲈RAPD-PCR的反应体系进行优化和适用引物的筛选,采用正交设计方法,选用L17(54)正交表,以河鲈基因组DNA为模板,对影响PCR反应较大的4个因素:Taq酶、Mg2+、dNTPs、引物在5个水平上进行优化试验,得到河鲈最优RAPD-PC...以河鲈为研究材料,对河鲈RAPD-PCR的反应体系进行优化和适用引物的筛选,采用正交设计方法,选用L17(54)正交表,以河鲈基因组DNA为模板,对影响PCR反应较大的4个因素:Taq酶、Mg2+、dNTPs、引物在5个水平上进行优化试验,得到河鲈最优RAPD-PCR反应体系:25μL反应体系中含有30 ng DNA模板1.5μL,10μmol/L引物0.7μL,10×buffer 2.5μL,25μmol/L dNTPs 0.4μL,5 U Taq酶0.2μL,2.5 mmol/L MgCl23.0μL;利用优化体系从50条引物中筛选得到10条适用引物,并确定了引物的最佳退火温度。展开更多
文摘Differences in boldness are common between populations or between related species and are discussed as part of individual coping style, personality, or behavioral syndrome. Boldness has been found to be dependent on experience, social, and environmental contexts. The major aim of the present study was to establish an experimental environment that would allow analyzing the risk-taking behavior of 2 competing invasive goby species. Neogobius melanostomus was more active in the absence of a predator Sander lucioperca than N. fluviatilis and clearly spent more time ＂swimming＂ and ＂feeding＂ than N. fluviatilis. In addition, N. melanostomus was always faster than N. fluviatilis both when leaving the shelter and reaching offered food. Based on the different behaviors recorded, species-specific boldness scores were established using a principal component analysis. Although there was no overall difference in boldness scores between the 2 species, both competitive conditions and the effect of the predator played significant roles as factors influencing boldness. Neogobius melanostomus was more affected by the presence/absence of the predator than the social circumstances. Neogobius fluviatilis, on the other hand, was more active and bolder in competitive situations. However, when alone, N. fluviatilis was rather inactive and displayed altogether shy behavior, independent of the presence/ absence of the predator. Thus, the study confirms the prediction that there are differences in behavior and behavioral plasticity, and therein predator-avoidance strategies, between ecologically similar species of goby living in sympatry. We argue that these differences may be related to differential habitat use of both invasive species that presently dominate the fish community in the Lower Rhine.
文摘以河鲈为研究材料,对河鲈RAPD-PCR的反应体系进行优化和适用引物的筛选,采用正交设计方法,选用L17(54)正交表,以河鲈基因组DNA为模板,对影响PCR反应较大的4个因素:Taq酶、Mg2+、dNTPs、引物在5个水平上进行优化试验,得到河鲈最优RAPD-PCR反应体系:25μL反应体系中含有30 ng DNA模板1.5μL,10μmol/L引物0.7μL,10×buffer 2.5μL,25μmol/L dNTPs 0.4μL,5 U Taq酶0.2μL,2.5 mmol/L MgCl23.0μL;利用优化体系从50条引物中筛选得到10条适用引物,并确定了引物的最佳退火温度。
