在对当前无线网络供求特征分析的基础上,通过研究路由器Openwrt系统的网络架构,对该设计平台下实现无线网络分享的可行性进行探讨。基于Openwrt平台,将无线网络分享及流量平衡的理念引入方案设计中,利用C++语言实现并建立了无线网络流...在对当前无线网络供求特征分析的基础上,通过研究路由器Openwrt系统的网络架构,对该设计平台下实现无线网络分享的可行性进行探讨。基于Openwrt平台,将无线网络分享及流量平衡的理念引入方案设计中,利用C++语言实现并建立了无线网络流量银行Wlanbank(Wireless Local Area Networks bank),并对该流量银行的功能和实用性进行了分析。该平台能够方便地实现家庭网络的相互分享,包括客户端与服务器的定时通信、流量结算以及路由器的远程管理等功能。该无线网络分享平台参考金融秩序中的货币流通方式,在流量银行Wlanbank系统中实现在用户互相之间的转账流量交易来获得无线网络的使用,遵循"分享才能使用"、"分享的越多才能使用的越多"的理念,在流量流通过程中制造一种类似金融秩序的平衡,在不损害用户利益的基础上,扩大无线网络覆盖率。展开更多
Because of their advantages of high efficiency and low cost, numerical research methods for large-scale circulating fluidized bed （CFB） apparatus are gaining ever more importance. This article presents a numer- ical...Because of their advantages of high efficiency and low cost, numerical research methods for large-scale circulating fluidized bed （CFB） apparatus are gaining ever more importance. This article presents a numer- ical study of gas-solid flow dynamics using the Eulerian granular multiphase model with a drag coefficient correction based on the energy-minimization multi-scale （EMMS） model. A three-dimensional, full-loop, time-dependent simulation of the hydrodynamics of a dense CFB apparatus is performed. The process parameters （e.g., operating and initial conditions） are provided in accordance with the real experiment to enhance the accuracy of the simulation. The axial profiles of the averaged solid volume fractions and the solids flux at the outlet of the cyclone are in reasonable agreement with experimental data, thereby verifying the applicability of the mathematical and physical models. As a result, the streamline in the riser and standpipe as well as the solids distribution contours at the cross sections is analyzed. Computational fluid dynamics （CFD） serves as a basis for CFB modeling to help resolve certain issues long in dispute but difficult to address experimentally. The results of this study provide the basis of a general approach to describing dynamic simulations of gas-solid flows.展开更多
While circulating fluidized bed （CFB） reactor has many advantages over the more conventional turbulent fluidized bed （TFB） reactor, it does at least have one significant shortcoming-the rather dilute solids volume...While circulating fluidized bed （CFB） reactor has many advantages over the more conventional turbulent fluidized bed （TFB） reactor, it does at least have one significant shortcoming-the rather dilute solids volume concentration in CFB reactor gives rise to less ideal reaction intensity. On the other hand, while having higher reaction intensity, TFB reactor has one fatal drawback of particle back-mixing, making it not suitable for certain reactions such as catalytic reaction where the catalyst requires frequent regeneration. This paper describes some key issues in the development of a circulating turbulent fluidized bed （CTFB） reactor that combines the advantages of both TFB and CFB, that is, to have the high reaction intensity as in TFB but and also to have a suppressed solids back-mixing as in CFB due to a continuous net upflow of solids flux through the bed. Experimental results show enough evidence to suggest that a new fluidization regime is formed, the characteristics of which appears to be distinct from those observed in a regular TFB and from those in either the bottom or the upper sections of regular CFB and/or high-density CFB （HDCFB）. Fundamentally, the difference is that particle-particle interaction （collision） dominates the motion of particles in CTFB and TFB, while gas-particle interaction （drag force） is the key element that determines the two phase flow in CFB including HDCFB.展开更多
A new concept of a supercritical water （SCW） circulating fiuidized bed reactor is proposed to produce hydrogen from coal/biomass gasification. The cyclone is a key component of the reactor system, in this paper, cyc...A new concept of a supercritical water （SCW） circulating fiuidized bed reactor is proposed to produce hydrogen from coal/biomass gasification. The cyclone is a key component of the reactor system, in this paper, cyclones with a single circular inlet （SCI） or a double circular inlet （DCI） were designed to adapt to the supercritical conditions. We evaluated the separation performance of the two cyclones using numerical simulations. A three-dimensional Reynolds stress model was used to simulate the turbulent flow of the fluid, and a stochastic Lagrangian model was used to simulate the particle motion. The flow fields of both cyclones were three-dimensionally unsteady and similar to those of traditional gas-solid cyclones. Secondary circulation phenomena were discovered and their influence on particle separation was estimated. Analyzing the distribution of the turbulence kinetic energy revealed that the most intensive turbulence existed in the zone near the vortex finder while the flow in the central part was relatively stable. The particle concentration distribution was non-uniform because of centrifugal forces. The distribution area can be divided into three parts according to the motion of the particles. In addition, the separation efficiency of both cyclones increased with the inlet SCaN velocity. Because of its perturbance flow, the DCI separator had higher separation efficiency than the SCI separator under comparable simulations. However, this was at the expense of a higher pressure drop across the cyclone.展开更多
We determine using a compound model the influence of the mass of granular matter on the behavior of a supercritical circulating fluidized bed （CFB） reactor. Population balance enables a stationary-regime modeling of...We determine using a compound model the influence of the mass of granular matter on the behavior of a supercritical circulating fluidized bed （CFB） reactor. Population balance enables a stationary-regime modeling of the mass flow of granular matter inside a CFB unit in a large-scale. The simulation includes some important dynamic processes of gas-particle flows in fluidized bed such as attrition, fragmenta- tion, elutriation, and fuel combustion. Numerical calculations with full boiler loading were performed of operational parameters such as furnace temperature, furnace pressure, feeding materials mass flows, and excess air ratio. Furthermore, three bed inventory masses were adopted as experimental variables in the simulation model of mass balance. This approach enables a sensitivity study of mass flows of granular matter inside a CFB facility. Some computational results from this population balance model obtained for a supercritical CFB reactor are presented that show consistency with the operational data for large-scale CFB units.展开更多
文摘在对当前无线网络供求特征分析的基础上,通过研究路由器Openwrt系统的网络架构,对该设计平台下实现无线网络分享的可行性进行探讨。基于Openwrt平台,将无线网络分享及流量平衡的理念引入方案设计中,利用C++语言实现并建立了无线网络流量银行Wlanbank(Wireless Local Area Networks bank),并对该流量银行的功能和实用性进行了分析。该平台能够方便地实现家庭网络的相互分享,包括客户端与服务器的定时通信、流量结算以及路由器的远程管理等功能。该无线网络分享平台参考金融秩序中的货币流通方式,在流量银行Wlanbank系统中实现在用户互相之间的转账流量交易来获得无线网络的使用,遵循"分享才能使用"、"分享的越多才能使用的越多"的理念,在流量流通过程中制造一种类似金融秩序的平衡,在不损害用户利益的基础上,扩大无线网络覆盖率。
基金the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51006106)Research Project of Lianyungang(CXY1202)the National High Technology Research and Development of China 863 Program(2006AA05A103)
文摘Because of their advantages of high efficiency and low cost, numerical research methods for large-scale circulating fluidized bed （CFB） apparatus are gaining ever more importance. This article presents a numer- ical study of gas-solid flow dynamics using the Eulerian granular multiphase model with a drag coefficient correction based on the energy-minimization multi-scale （EMMS） model. A three-dimensional, full-loop, time-dependent simulation of the hydrodynamics of a dense CFB apparatus is performed. The process parameters （e.g., operating and initial conditions） are provided in accordance with the real experiment to enhance the accuracy of the simulation. The axial profiles of the averaged solid volume fractions and the solids flux at the outlet of the cyclone are in reasonable agreement with experimental data, thereby verifying the applicability of the mathematical and physical models. As a result, the streamline in the riser and standpipe as well as the solids distribution contours at the cross sections is analyzed. Computational fluid dynamics （CFD） serves as a basis for CFB modeling to help resolve certain issues long in dispute but difficult to address experimentally. The results of this study provide the basis of a general approach to describing dynamic simulations of gas-solid flows.
文摘While circulating fluidized bed （CFB） reactor has many advantages over the more conventional turbulent fluidized bed （TFB） reactor, it does at least have one significant shortcoming-the rather dilute solids volume concentration in CFB reactor gives rise to less ideal reaction intensity. On the other hand, while having higher reaction intensity, TFB reactor has one fatal drawback of particle back-mixing, making it not suitable for certain reactions such as catalytic reaction where the catalyst requires frequent regeneration. This paper describes some key issues in the development of a circulating turbulent fluidized bed （CTFB） reactor that combines the advantages of both TFB and CFB, that is, to have the high reaction intensity as in TFB but and also to have a suppressed solids back-mixing as in CFB due to a continuous net upflow of solids flux through the bed. Experimental results show enough evidence to suggest that a new fluidization regime is formed, the characteristics of which appears to be distinct from those observed in a regular TFB and from those in either the bottom or the upper sections of regular CFB and/or high-density CFB （HDCFB）. Fundamentally, the difference is that particle-particle interaction （collision） dominates the motion of particles in CTFB and TFB, while gas-particle interaction （drag force） is the key element that determines the two phase flow in CFB including HDCFB.
文摘A new concept of a supercritical water （SCW） circulating fiuidized bed reactor is proposed to produce hydrogen from coal/biomass gasification. The cyclone is a key component of the reactor system, in this paper, cyclones with a single circular inlet （SCI） or a double circular inlet （DCI） were designed to adapt to the supercritical conditions. We evaluated the separation performance of the two cyclones using numerical simulations. A three-dimensional Reynolds stress model was used to simulate the turbulent flow of the fluid, and a stochastic Lagrangian model was used to simulate the particle motion. The flow fields of both cyclones were three-dimensionally unsteady and similar to those of traditional gas-solid cyclones. Secondary circulation phenomena were discovered and their influence on particle separation was estimated. Analyzing the distribution of the turbulence kinetic energy revealed that the most intensive turbulence existed in the zone near the vortex finder while the flow in the central part was relatively stable. The particle concentration distribution was non-uniform because of centrifugal forces. The distribution area can be divided into three parts according to the motion of the particles. In addition, the separation efficiency of both cyclones increased with the inlet SCaN velocity. Because of its perturbance flow, the DCI separator had higher separation efficiency than the SCI separator under comparable simulations. However, this was at the expense of a higher pressure drop across the cyclone.
文摘We determine using a compound model the influence of the mass of granular matter on the behavior of a supercritical circulating fluidized bed （CFB） reactor. Population balance enables a stationary-regime modeling of the mass flow of granular matter inside a CFB unit in a large-scale. The simulation includes some important dynamic processes of gas-particle flows in fluidized bed such as attrition, fragmenta- tion, elutriation, and fuel combustion. Numerical calculations with full boiler loading were performed of operational parameters such as furnace temperature, furnace pressure, feeding materials mass flows, and excess air ratio. Furthermore, three bed inventory masses were adopted as experimental variables in the simulation model of mass balance. This approach enables a sensitivity study of mass flows of granular matter inside a CFB facility. Some computational results from this population balance model obtained for a supercritical CFB reactor are presented that show consistency with the operational data for large-scale CFB units.
