目的本文试图通过对近半个世纪以来运动处方的产生及其发展过程,以及各阶段的特点进行分析和评价,为运动处方、运动康复疗法和机能评定在我国的普及应用提供理论和实践依据。方法采用计算机网络文献和资料收集法,对Medlin via Ovid、Pub...目的本文试图通过对近半个世纪以来运动处方的产生及其发展过程,以及各阶段的特点进行分析和评价,为运动处方、运动康复疗法和机能评定在我国的普及应用提供理论和实践依据。方法采用计算机网络文献和资料收集法,对Medlin via Ovid、PubMed、Sport Discus、CINAHL、CAM、EMbase和EBM Cochrane Databaseof SR 7个数据库进行检索,检索词为exercise prescription、physical tness、exercise therapy、tness assessment、exercise test、randomized,检索时间均从建库至2008年6月。然后对其中的随机和非随机对照研究,以及资料较全者纳入分析讨论。结果共检索到318篇文献,但其中涉及运动处方和机能评定的随机对照试验(RCT)仅有7篇,系统评价和Meta分析各1篇。我们对其中资料较全又有代表性的93篇文献进行了系统分析讨论。结果显示:最早的运动处方和机能评定研究可以追溯到1950年,其发展与运动康复疗法的发展密不可分。二十世纪70年代是运动处方发展的初始期,首先是在身体活动与心血管健康方面提出了运动处方的概念,而后逐步提出了针对个体的运动处方,进而开始把运动处方与体能测试联系在一起讨论。二十世纪80年代运动处方开始进入了全面发展的阶段,开始用体能测试指导运动处方,并使运动处方和机能评定进入实验阶段。二十世纪90年代运动处方开始与多种运动康复疗法相结合,针对多种疾病进行干预和治疗,并与多种体能训练方法相结合指导训练和康复,成为一种主要的非药物治疗手段。进入本世纪以后,运动处方和机能评定的研究得到了全面提高,开始出现非随机对照试验和RCT,一些先进的测试手段和分析方法开始应用于机能评定和运动处方的实施。结论运动处方的发展与运动康复疗法和运动机能评定的发展是密不可分的,机能评定和体能测试是执行和实施运动处方的基础。当今,�展开更多
Ecological impact of transgene flow into pop- ulations of wild/weedy relatives is associated with fitness effects in hybrid progeny. Most studies assessing fitness effects focus essentially on early-generation hybrid ...Ecological impact of transgene flow into pop- ulations of wild/weedy relatives is associated with fitness effects in hybrid progeny. Most studies assessing fitness effects focus essentially on early-generation hybrid progeny. However, whether the transgenes remain effective and durable in advanced generations of hybrid progeny remains unclear. We conducted a common garden experi- ment with Fs-F7 hybrid progeny derived from crosses between insect-resistant transgenic （Bt/CpTI） rice and weedy rice, to examine their insect resistance and fitness effects of transgenes on progeny. Hybrid progeny were grown under different insect pressures and cultivation modes where insect damage and fitness-related traits were measured in the same growth season. Plants with transgenes showed significantly lower insect damage （10 % vs. 32 %） and higher fecundity （551 vs. 392 seeds/plant） than those without transgenes in the efficacy of transgenes Fs-F7 populations, suggesting for insect resistance. Fitness benefits of the transgenes were similar among the Fs-F7 populations, indicating the stability of transgenic effects. A positive correlation between insect index and fecundity change was detected, stressing the important role of ambient insect pressures in assessing fitness effects caused by insect-resistance transgenes. Our results have important implications for assessing ecological impacts caused by transgene flow to wild/weedy relatives. For cost-effec- tiveness, the experimental estimation of fitness effects is probably sufficient based on data from hybrids in early generations. Given that fitness effects of insect-resistance transgenes are associated with ambient insect pressure, ecological risk assessment on transgene flow should consider this variable in experimental design, reasonably reflecting actual situations in wild/weedy populations.展开更多
Background: The construction of useful and attainable indicators of fitness assessment deserves special attention in clinical practice. We aimed to construct an indicator of the functional fitness age(FFA) of women ag...Background: The construction of useful and attainable indicators of fitness assessment deserves special attention in clinical practice. We aimed to construct an indicator of the functional fitness age(FFA) of women aged 50 and older by an equation using fitness outcomes and its correlation with chronological age(CA) and to analyze the external validity of our results by comparing our sample to others.Methods: Participants(n=459, age: 70.3 ± 7.9 years, mean ± SD) were evaluated using the Senior Fitness Test battery. We applied a multiple regression and a subsequent Holt's exponential smoothing to analyze the outcomes.Results: We obtained a statistically significant expression of F(6, 452) = 328.384; p < 0.0005 in which the coefficients of the equation explain81% of variability(R_(corrected)~2 = 0.813). The equation correlates fitness assessment in women aged 50 and over with regards to CA:FFA = 40.146 + 0.350 X CS(stand)-0.714 X AC(rep)-0.110 X ST(step)-0.177 X CSR(cm)-0.101 X BS(cm) + 8.835 X FUG(s) where CS means chair stand test, AC. means arm curl test, ST means 2-min step test, CSR means chair sit-and-reach test, BS means back scratch test, FUG means 8-foot up-and-go test. We compared this index with percentiles distribution from our sample and from other studies.Conclusion: We suggest the use of FFA as a valid indicator of fitness in adult and senior women as well as a useful motivational tool to undertake exercise programs.展开更多
Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness involves both cardiovascular and respiratory capacities. However, existing methods have been criticised for reflecting cardiovascular fitness, but not pulmonary fitness. The objec...Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness involves both cardiovascular and respiratory capacities. However, existing methods have been criticised for reflecting cardiovascular fitness, but not pulmonary fitness. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between these two testing parameters. Methods: A cross-sectional population-based physical fitness assessment was conducted in 23 schools. The body height and weight, lung capacity, and step test results of students aged 10-18 were recorded. Criterion-referenced standards from the China Sports Bureau were adopted, as they include separate measurements for cardiovascular and pulmonary fitness. Results: The Pearson coefficients of lung capacity and the step test index from 13,028 schoolchildren ranged from 0.007 to 0.086 and from 0.026 to 0.105 for boys and girls, respectively, showing that poor correlations exist between the two parameters. Cluster analysis resulted in three clusters of children with similar characteristics. A good degree of similarity was found between the two parameters in children obtaining an “excellent” grade, but only a moderate degree of similarity between the two parameters in those obtaining a “good”, “pass” or “fail” grade. Conclusion: When cardiovascular fitness and pulmonary fitness are considered separately, there is a poor correlation between them, thus indicating further studies of cardiopulmonary fitness measurements is necessary.展开更多
Compared to single-trait transgenic crops, stacked transgenic plants may be more prone to become weedy, and transgene flow from stacked transgenic plants to weedy relatives may pose a potential environmental risk beca...Compared to single-trait transgenic crops, stacked transgenic plants may be more prone to become weedy, and transgene flow from stacked transgenic plants to weedy relatives may pose a potential environmental risk because these hybrids could be more advantageous under specific environmental conditions. Evaluation of the potential environmental risk caused by stacked transgenes is essential for assessing the environmental consequences caused by crop-weed transgene flow. The agronomic performance of fitness-related traits was assessed in F1+(transgene positive) hybrids(using the transgenic line T1 c-19 as the paternal parent) in monoculture and mixed planting under presence or absence glufosinate pressure in the presence or absence of natural insect pressure and then compared with the performance of F1–(transgene negative) hybrids(using the non-transgenic line Minghui 63(MH63) as the paternal parent) and their weedy rice counterparts. The results demonstrated that compared with the F1– hybrids and weedy rice counterparts, the F1+ hybrid presented higher performance(P<0.05) or non-significant changes(P>0.05) under natural insect pressure, respectively, lower performance(P<0.05) or non-significant changes(P>0.05) in the absence of insect pressure in monoculture planting, respectively. And compared to weedy rice counterparts, the F1+ hybrid presented higher performance(P<0.05) or non-significant changes(P>0.05) in the presence or absence of insect pressure in mixed planting, respectively. The F1+ hybrids presented nonsignificant changes(P>0.05) under the presence or absence glufosinate pressure under insect or non-insect pressure in monoculture planting. The all F1+ hybrids and two of three F1– hybrids had significantly lower(P<0.05) seed shattering than the weedy rice counterparts. The potential risk of gene flow from T1 c-19 to weedy rice should be prevented due to the greater fitness advantage of F1 hybrids in the majority of cases.展开更多
基金supported by the the National Basic Research Program of China(2011CB100401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31330014,31271683)National Program of Development of Transgenic New Species of China(2013ZX08011-006)
文摘Ecological impact of transgene flow into pop- ulations of wild/weedy relatives is associated with fitness effects in hybrid progeny. Most studies assessing fitness effects focus essentially on early-generation hybrid progeny. However, whether the transgenes remain effective and durable in advanced generations of hybrid progeny remains unclear. We conducted a common garden experi- ment with Fs-F7 hybrid progeny derived from crosses between insect-resistant transgenic （Bt/CpTI） rice and weedy rice, to examine their insect resistance and fitness effects of transgenes on progeny. Hybrid progeny were grown under different insect pressures and cultivation modes where insect damage and fitness-related traits were measured in the same growth season. Plants with transgenes showed significantly lower insect damage （10 % vs. 32 %） and higher fecundity （551 vs. 392 seeds/plant） than those without transgenes in the efficacy of transgenes Fs-F7 populations, suggesting for insect resistance. Fitness benefits of the transgenes were similar among the Fs-F7 populations, indicating the stability of transgenic effects. A positive correlation between insect index and fecundity change was detected, stressing the important role of ambient insect pressures in assessing fitness effects caused by insect-resistance transgenes. Our results have important implications for assessing ecological impacts caused by transgene flow to wild/weedy relatives. For cost-effec- tiveness, the experimental estimation of fitness effects is probably sufficient based on data from hybrids in early generations. Given that fitness effects of insect-resistance transgenes are associated with ambient insect pressure, ecological risk assessment on transgene flow should consider this variable in experimental design, reasonably reflecting actual situations in wild/weedy populations.
基金the Institut Municipal d'Activitats Esportives (IMAE)the Lleida City Council+1 种基金the Universidad Santo Tomas Aquino of Colombiathe National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC) for their support
文摘Background: The construction of useful and attainable indicators of fitness assessment deserves special attention in clinical practice. We aimed to construct an indicator of the functional fitness age(FFA) of women aged 50 and older by an equation using fitness outcomes and its correlation with chronological age(CA) and to analyze the external validity of our results by comparing our sample to others.Methods: Participants(n=459, age: 70.3 ± 7.9 years, mean ± SD) were evaluated using the Senior Fitness Test battery. We applied a multiple regression and a subsequent Holt's exponential smoothing to analyze the outcomes.Results: We obtained a statistically significant expression of F(6, 452) = 328.384; p < 0.0005 in which the coefficients of the equation explain81% of variability(R_(corrected)~2 = 0.813). The equation correlates fitness assessment in women aged 50 and over with regards to CA:FFA = 40.146 + 0.350 X CS(stand)-0.714 X AC(rep)-0.110 X ST(step)-0.177 X CSR(cm)-0.101 X BS(cm) + 8.835 X FUG(s) where CS means chair stand test, AC. means arm curl test, ST means 2-min step test, CSR means chair sit-and-reach test, BS means back scratch test, FUG means 8-foot up-and-go test. We compared this index with percentiles distribution from our sample and from other studies.Conclusion: We suggest the use of FFA as a valid indicator of fitness in adult and senior women as well as a useful motivational tool to undertake exercise programs.
文摘Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness involves both cardiovascular and respiratory capacities. However, existing methods have been criticised for reflecting cardiovascular fitness, but not pulmonary fitness. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between these two testing parameters. Methods: A cross-sectional population-based physical fitness assessment was conducted in 23 schools. The body height and weight, lung capacity, and step test results of students aged 10-18 were recorded. Criterion-referenced standards from the China Sports Bureau were adopted, as they include separate measurements for cardiovascular and pulmonary fitness. Results: The Pearson coefficients of lung capacity and the step test index from 13,028 schoolchildren ranged from 0.007 to 0.086 and from 0.026 to 0.105 for boys and girls, respectively, showing that poor correlations exist between the two parameters. Cluster analysis resulted in three clusters of children with similar characteristics. A good degree of similarity was found between the two parameters in children obtaining an “excellent” grade, but only a moderate degree of similarity between the two parameters in those obtaining a “good”, “pass” or “fail” grade. Conclusion: When cardiovascular fitness and pulmonary fitness are considered separately, there is a poor correlation between them, thus indicating further studies of cardiopulmonary fitness measurements is necessary.
基金financially supported by the China Transgenic Organism Research and Commercialization Project (2016ZX08011-001)
文摘Compared to single-trait transgenic crops, stacked transgenic plants may be more prone to become weedy, and transgene flow from stacked transgenic plants to weedy relatives may pose a potential environmental risk because these hybrids could be more advantageous under specific environmental conditions. Evaluation of the potential environmental risk caused by stacked transgenes is essential for assessing the environmental consequences caused by crop-weed transgene flow. The agronomic performance of fitness-related traits was assessed in F1+(transgene positive) hybrids(using the transgenic line T1 c-19 as the paternal parent) in monoculture and mixed planting under presence or absence glufosinate pressure in the presence or absence of natural insect pressure and then compared with the performance of F1–(transgene negative) hybrids(using the non-transgenic line Minghui 63(MH63) as the paternal parent) and their weedy rice counterparts. The results demonstrated that compared with the F1– hybrids and weedy rice counterparts, the F1+ hybrid presented higher performance(P<0.05) or non-significant changes(P>0.05) under natural insect pressure, respectively, lower performance(P<0.05) or non-significant changes(P>0.05) in the absence of insect pressure in monoculture planting, respectively. And compared to weedy rice counterparts, the F1+ hybrid presented higher performance(P<0.05) or non-significant changes(P>0.05) in the presence or absence of insect pressure in mixed planting, respectively. The F1+ hybrids presented nonsignificant changes(P>0.05) under the presence or absence glufosinate pressure under insect or non-insect pressure in monoculture planting. The all F1+ hybrids and two of three F1– hybrids had significantly lower(P<0.05) seed shattering than the weedy rice counterparts. The potential risk of gene flow from T1 c-19 to weedy rice should be prevented due to the greater fitness advantage of F1 hybrids in the majority of cases.
