Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer death worldwide, accounting for over half a million deaths per year. The geographic pattern of HCC incidence is parallel to exposure to viral etiologic factors...Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer death worldwide, accounting for over half a million deaths per year. The geographic pattern of HCC incidence is parallel to exposure to viral etiologic factors. Its incidence is increasing, ranging between 3% and 9% annually depending on the geographical location, and variability in the incidence rates correspond closely to the prevalence and pattern of the primary etiologic factors. Chronic infections with hepatitis B viruses or hepatitis C viruses have both been recognized as human liver carcinogens with a combined attributable fraction of at least 75% of all HCC cases. Multiple non-viral factors have been implicated in the development of HCC. Increased body mass index and diabetes with subsequent development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis represent significant risk factors for HCC. Other non-viral causes of HCC include iron overload syndromes, alcohol use, tobacco, oral contraceptive, aflatoxin, pesticides exposure and betel quid chewing, a prevalent habit in the developing world. Wilson disease, α-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Porphyrias, autoimmune hepatitis, Schistosoma japonicum associated with positive hepatitis B surface antigen, and thorotrastray are also contributing hepatocellualar carcinoma. In addition, primary biliary cirrhosis, congestive liver disease and family history of liver cancer increase the risk of HCC incident. In conclusion,clarification of relevant non-viral causes of HCC will help to focus clinicians on those risk factors that are modifiable. The multilevel preventative approach will hopefully lead to a reduction in incidence of non-viral HCC, and a decrease in the patient morbidity and mortality as well as the societal economic burden associated with HCC.展开更多
Background: Otitis media (OM) is a group of inflammatory diseases of the middle ear. OM is a prevailing problem among children in Hargeisa. The antibiotic susceptibility of etiologic bacteria is not investigated in So...Background: Otitis media (OM) is a group of inflammatory diseases of the middle ear. OM is a prevailing problem among children in Hargeisa. The antibiotic susceptibility of etiologic bacteria is not investigated in Somaliland which hinders the effective treatment of OM cases in children. Objective: This study aimed at determining the etiologic bacteria and its antibiotic susceptibilities in children presenting with OM to a pediatric referral hospital in Hargeisa for the period March 2013-May 2017. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on a random sample of 270 children with OM. The laboratory used standard microbiological techniques for bacterial isolation and Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Data were entered and analyzed using Epi Info 7 and any associations among the study variables tested with Chi2 test with confidence level of 95% and p value of Results: The rate of bacterial isolation was 96.3%. The predominant bacterial isolate was S. aureus (31.48%) followed by P. aeruginosa (24.81%) and P. mirabilis (15.93%) respectively while the least prevalent isolates were coagulase negative Staphylococcus (1.48%), S. pyogenes (0.74%) and Enterobacter spp. (0.37%) in descending order. Age group 0 - 3, χ<sup>2</sup> (143,270 = 223.245, p = 0.000) showed highest bacterial isolation. There was no significant relationship between bacterial isolate and gender, χ<sup>2</sup> (11,270 = 9.2283, p = 0.6008). S. aureus showed highest sensitivity towards ciprofloxacin (85.7%), amikacin (76.5%), and gentamicin (73.8%). All isolates showed mixed resistance pattern. Conclusion: S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and P. mirabilis were the leading causative pathogens of otitis media. No association was established between isolate distribution and gender. Both the isolated gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria showed greatest sensitivity towards ciprofloxacin while the highest resistance was observed to penicillins, tetracyclines and sulfonamides. The Otitis Media among childr展开更多
Objectives:To isolate and identify the bacterial etiologic agents,including their antibiotic susceptibility pattern isolated from patients with discharging ear infections.Methods:Between September 2006 and February 20...Objectives:To isolate and identify the bacterial etiologic agents,including their antibiotic susceptibility pattern isolated from patients with discharging ear infections.Methods:Between September 2006 and February 2007,178 patients with discharging ear visiting ENT clinics of St.Paul and Tikur Anbessa University Hospitals Addis Ababa,Ethiopia were investigated.Results:Of the patients investigated,52.8%were males and 47.2%were females resulting in an overall male to female ratio of 1.1:1.Ear discharge was the commonest clinical finding followed by hearing problem(91.2%),otalgia(ear pain)(74.7%),fever(17.9%) and itching of external ear(5.1%).S.aureus accounted for 30.2%of the total isolates followed by Proteus ssp. (P.mirabilis,P.vulgaris)(25.4%),and P.aeruginosa(13.4%).Both gram positive and negative bacteria isolated from ear infections showed low resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested.Overall ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin were the most effective drugs when compared to other drugs tested against the grampositive and gram-negative bacteria.Conclusion:Otitis media was the most common clinical finding in patients with ear infection.With discharging ear,the gram-negative bacteria were the predominant isolates.The susceptibility pattern of isolates from the study showed that ceftriaxone,ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were the most effective drugs.It is recommended that treatment of ear infections should be based on culture and sensitivity at the study sites.Therefore,efforts should be directed towards early diagnosis and treatment of acute ear infection and continued re-evaluation of the resistant patterns of organisms to optimize treatments and reduce complications.展开更多
Recurrent pregnancy loss(RPL)has become an important reproductive health issue worldwide.RPL affects about 2%–3%of reproductive-aged women,and makes serious threats to women’s physical and mental health.However,the ...Recurrent pregnancy loss(RPL)has become an important reproductive health issue worldwide.RPL affects about 2%–3%of reproductive-aged women,and makes serious threats to women’s physical and mental health.However,the etiology of approximately 50%of RPL cases remains unknown(unexplained RPL),which poses a big challenge for clinical management of these patients.RPL has been widely regarded as a complex disease where its etiology has been attributed to numerous factors.Heretofore,various risk factors for RPL have been identified,such as maternal ages,genetic factors,anatomical structural abnormalities,endocrine dysfunction,prethrombotic state,immunological factors,and infection.More importantly,development and applications of next generation sequencing technology have significantly expanded opportunities to discover chromosomal aberrations and single gene variants responsible for RPL,which provides new insight into its pathogenic mechanisms.Furthermore,based upon patients’diagnostic evaluation and etiologic diagnosis,specific therapeutic recommendations have been established.This review will highlight current understanding and recent advances on RPL,with a special focus on the immunological and genetic etiologies,clinical diagnosis and therapeutic management.展开更多
This article discusses the role of dietary regimen in the traditional culture of Chinese medicine according to its origin.Dietary regimen is a technique that inherits the traditional culture of Chinese medicine.Throug...This article discusses the role of dietary regimen in the traditional culture of Chinese medicine according to its origin.Dietary regimen is a technique that inherits the traditional culture of Chinese medicine.Through analysis of the characteristics of the dietary regimen and the discussion of the idea of disease prevention,the application of the dietary regimen in disease prevention is sought.Under the guidance of three key factors,the application of the dietary regimen in disease prevention is mainly manifested in two aspects.First,the dietary regimen can be used to guide the daily reasonable diet to maintain the human body in a balance of Yin and Yang,which could prevent the occurrence of diseases.Second,on the basis of minimizing health loss,it can be used for disease treatment,adjuvant treatment,and rehabilitation.Finally,taking preventive treatment as the guiding ideology,the application of a dietary regimen as an“anti‑epidemic”was briefly discussed.展开更多
“Treatment in accordance with three categories of etiologic factors”(consideration of the climatic and seasonal conditions,environment and individual’s constitution in the treatment of diseases),that is,treatment f...“Treatment in accordance with three categories of etiologic factors”(consideration of the climatic and seasonal conditions,environment and individual’s constitution in the treatment of diseases),that is,treatment following time,place and individual,is one of the basic principles followed by Chinese medicine in the clinical treatment of diseases.This paper analyzes the similarities and differences in traditional Chinese medicine treatment of patients with epidemic diseases in different regions and periods since the Ming(1368-1644 C.E.)and Qing(1636-1912 C.E.)Dynasties.In addition,the theory of epidemic disease prevention and control based on the application of“treatment in accordance with three categories of etiologic factors”was discussed to inspire and guide the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.展开更多
This article discusses the role of dietary regimen in the traditional culture of Chinese medicine according to its origin.Dietary regimen is a technique that inherits die traditional culture of Chinese medicine.Throug...This article discusses the role of dietary regimen in the traditional culture of Chinese medicine according to its origin.Dietary regimen is a technique that inherits die traditional culture of Chinese medicine.Through analysis of the characteristics of the dietary regimen and the discussion of the idea of disease prevention,the application of the dietary regimen in disease prevention is sought.Under the guidance of three key factors,the application of the dietary regimen in disease prevention is mainly manifested in two aspects,h irst,the dietary regimen can be used to guide the daily reasonable diet to maintain the human body in a balance of Yin and Yang,which could prevent the occurrence of diseases.Second,on the basis of minimizing health loss,it can be used for disease treatment,adjuvant treatment,and rehabilitation.Finally,taking preventive treatment as the guiding ideology,the application of a dietary regimen as an"anti-epidemic"was briefly discussed.展开更多
Study Objective: To determine the prevalence of vulvovaginitis, predisposing factors, microbial etiology and therapy in patients treated at the Hospital del Nino DIF, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico. Design. This was an obse...Study Objective: To determine the prevalence of vulvovaginitis, predisposing factors, microbial etiology and therapy in patients treated at the Hospital del Nino DIF, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico. Design. This was an observational and descriptive study from 2006 to 2009. Setting: Hospital del Nino DIF, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico. Participants. Patients from 0 to 16 years, with vulvovaginitis and/or vaginal discharge were included. Interventions: None. Main Outcome Measures: Demographic data, etiology, clinical features, risk factors and therapy were analyzed. Results: Four hundred twenty seven patients with diagnosis of vulvovaginitis were included. The average prevalence to 4 years in the study period was 0.19%. The age group most affected was schoolchildren (225 cases: 52.69%). The main signs and symptoms presented were leucorrhea (99.3%), vaginal hyperemia (32.6%), vulvar itching (32.1%) and erythema (28.8%). Identified risk factors were poor hygiene (15.7%), urinary tract infection (14.7%), intestinal parasites (5.6%) and obesity or overweight (3.3%). The main microorganisms found in vaginal cultures were enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Enterococcus faecalis), Staphylococcus spp, and Gardnerella vaginalis. Several inconsistent were found in the drug prescription of the patients. Conclusion: Vulvovaginitis prevalence in Mexican girls is low and this was caused mainly by opportunist microorganisms. The initial treatment of vulvovaginitis must include hygienic measure and an antimicrobial according to the clinical features and microorganism found.展开更多
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer death worldwide, accounting for over half a million deaths per year. The geographic pattern of HCC incidence is parallel to exposure to viral etiologic factors. Its incidence is increasing, ranging between 3% and 9% annually depending on the geographical location, and variability in the incidence rates correspond closely to the prevalence and pattern of the primary etiologic factors. Chronic infections with hepatitis B viruses or hepatitis C viruses have both been recognized as human liver carcinogens with a combined attributable fraction of at least 75% of all HCC cases. Multiple non-viral factors have been implicated in the development of HCC. Increased body mass index and diabetes with subsequent development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis represent significant risk factors for HCC. Other non-viral causes of HCC include iron overload syndromes, alcohol use, tobacco, oral contraceptive, aflatoxin, pesticides exposure and betel quid chewing, a prevalent habit in the developing world. Wilson disease, α-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Porphyrias, autoimmune hepatitis, Schistosoma japonicum associated with positive hepatitis B surface antigen, and thorotrastray are also contributing hepatocellualar carcinoma. In addition, primary biliary cirrhosis, congestive liver disease and family history of liver cancer increase the risk of HCC incident. In conclusion,clarification of relevant non-viral causes of HCC will help to focus clinicians on those risk factors that are modifiable. The multilevel preventative approach will hopefully lead to a reduction in incidence of non-viral HCC, and a decrease in the patient morbidity and mortality as well as the societal economic burden associated with HCC.
文摘Background: Otitis media (OM) is a group of inflammatory diseases of the middle ear. OM is a prevailing problem among children in Hargeisa. The antibiotic susceptibility of etiologic bacteria is not investigated in Somaliland which hinders the effective treatment of OM cases in children. Objective: This study aimed at determining the etiologic bacteria and its antibiotic susceptibilities in children presenting with OM to a pediatric referral hospital in Hargeisa for the period March 2013-May 2017. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on a random sample of 270 children with OM. The laboratory used standard microbiological techniques for bacterial isolation and Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Data were entered and analyzed using Epi Info 7 and any associations among the study variables tested with Chi2 test with confidence level of 95% and p value of Results: The rate of bacterial isolation was 96.3%. The predominant bacterial isolate was S. aureus (31.48%) followed by P. aeruginosa (24.81%) and P. mirabilis (15.93%) respectively while the least prevalent isolates were coagulase negative Staphylococcus (1.48%), S. pyogenes (0.74%) and Enterobacter spp. (0.37%) in descending order. Age group 0 - 3, χ<sup>2</sup> (143,270 = 223.245, p = 0.000) showed highest bacterial isolation. There was no significant relationship between bacterial isolate and gender, χ<sup>2</sup> (11,270 = 9.2283, p = 0.6008). S. aureus showed highest sensitivity towards ciprofloxacin (85.7%), amikacin (76.5%), and gentamicin (73.8%). All isolates showed mixed resistance pattern. Conclusion: S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and P. mirabilis were the leading causative pathogens of otitis media. No association was established between isolate distribution and gender. Both the isolated gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria showed greatest sensitivity towards ciprofloxacin while the highest resistance was observed to penicillins, tetracyclines and sulfonamides. The Otitis Media among childr
基金supported the grants available from School of Graduate Studies,Addis Ababa University
文摘Objectives:To isolate and identify the bacterial etiologic agents,including their antibiotic susceptibility pattern isolated from patients with discharging ear infections.Methods:Between September 2006 and February 2007,178 patients with discharging ear visiting ENT clinics of St.Paul and Tikur Anbessa University Hospitals Addis Ababa,Ethiopia were investigated.Results:Of the patients investigated,52.8%were males and 47.2%were females resulting in an overall male to female ratio of 1.1:1.Ear discharge was the commonest clinical finding followed by hearing problem(91.2%),otalgia(ear pain)(74.7%),fever(17.9%) and itching of external ear(5.1%).S.aureus accounted for 30.2%of the total isolates followed by Proteus ssp. (P.mirabilis,P.vulgaris)(25.4%),and P.aeruginosa(13.4%).Both gram positive and negative bacteria isolated from ear infections showed low resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested.Overall ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin were the most effective drugs when compared to other drugs tested against the grampositive and gram-negative bacteria.Conclusion:Otitis media was the most common clinical finding in patients with ear infection.With discharging ear,the gram-negative bacteria were the predominant isolates.The susceptibility pattern of isolates from the study showed that ceftriaxone,ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were the most effective drugs.It is recommended that treatment of ear infections should be based on culture and sensitivity at the study sites.Therefore,efforts should be directed towards early diagnosis and treatment of acute ear infection and continued re-evaluation of the resistant patterns of organisms to optimize treatments and reduce complications.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFA0801403)National Natural Science Foundation of China grant(32170612).
文摘Recurrent pregnancy loss(RPL)has become an important reproductive health issue worldwide.RPL affects about 2%–3%of reproductive-aged women,and makes serious threats to women’s physical and mental health.However,the etiology of approximately 50%of RPL cases remains unknown(unexplained RPL),which poses a big challenge for clinical management of these patients.RPL has been widely regarded as a complex disease where its etiology has been attributed to numerous factors.Heretofore,various risk factors for RPL have been identified,such as maternal ages,genetic factors,anatomical structural abnormalities,endocrine dysfunction,prethrombotic state,immunological factors,and infection.More importantly,development and applications of next generation sequencing technology have significantly expanded opportunities to discover chromosomal aberrations and single gene variants responsible for RPL,which provides new insight into its pathogenic mechanisms.Furthermore,based upon patients’diagnostic evaluation and etiologic diagnosis,specific therapeutic recommendations have been established.This review will highlight current understanding and recent advances on RPL,with a special focus on the immunological and genetic etiologies,clinical diagnosis and therapeutic management.
文摘This article discusses the role of dietary regimen in the traditional culture of Chinese medicine according to its origin.Dietary regimen is a technique that inherits the traditional culture of Chinese medicine.Through analysis of the characteristics of the dietary regimen and the discussion of the idea of disease prevention,the application of the dietary regimen in disease prevention is sought.Under the guidance of three key factors,the application of the dietary regimen in disease prevention is mainly manifested in two aspects.First,the dietary regimen can be used to guide the daily reasonable diet to maintain the human body in a balance of Yin and Yang,which could prevent the occurrence of diseases.Second,on the basis of minimizing health loss,it can be used for disease treatment,adjuvant treatment,and rehabilitation.Finally,taking preventive treatment as the guiding ideology,the application of a dietary regimen as an“anti‑epidemic”was briefly discussed.
文摘“Treatment in accordance with three categories of etiologic factors”(consideration of the climatic and seasonal conditions,environment and individual’s constitution in the treatment of diseases),that is,treatment following time,place and individual,is one of the basic principles followed by Chinese medicine in the clinical treatment of diseases.This paper analyzes the similarities and differences in traditional Chinese medicine treatment of patients with epidemic diseases in different regions and periods since the Ming(1368-1644 C.E.)and Qing(1636-1912 C.E.)Dynasties.In addition,the theory of epidemic disease prevention and control based on the application of“treatment in accordance with three categories of etiologic factors”was discussed to inspire and guide the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
文摘This article discusses the role of dietary regimen in the traditional culture of Chinese medicine according to its origin.Dietary regimen is a technique that inherits die traditional culture of Chinese medicine.Through analysis of the characteristics of the dietary regimen and the discussion of the idea of disease prevention,the application of the dietary regimen in disease prevention is sought.Under the guidance of three key factors,the application of the dietary regimen in disease prevention is mainly manifested in two aspects,h irst,the dietary regimen can be used to guide the daily reasonable diet to maintain the human body in a balance of Yin and Yang,which could prevent the occurrence of diseases.Second,on the basis of minimizing health loss,it can be used for disease treatment,adjuvant treatment,and rehabilitation.Finally,taking preventive treatment as the guiding ideology,the application of a dietary regimen as an"anti-epidemic"was briefly discussed.
文摘Study Objective: To determine the prevalence of vulvovaginitis, predisposing factors, microbial etiology and therapy in patients treated at the Hospital del Nino DIF, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico. Design. This was an observational and descriptive study from 2006 to 2009. Setting: Hospital del Nino DIF, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico. Participants. Patients from 0 to 16 years, with vulvovaginitis and/or vaginal discharge were included. Interventions: None. Main Outcome Measures: Demographic data, etiology, clinical features, risk factors and therapy were analyzed. Results: Four hundred twenty seven patients with diagnosis of vulvovaginitis were included. The average prevalence to 4 years in the study period was 0.19%. The age group most affected was schoolchildren (225 cases: 52.69%). The main signs and symptoms presented were leucorrhea (99.3%), vaginal hyperemia (32.6%), vulvar itching (32.1%) and erythema (28.8%). Identified risk factors were poor hygiene (15.7%), urinary tract infection (14.7%), intestinal parasites (5.6%) and obesity or overweight (3.3%). The main microorganisms found in vaginal cultures were enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Enterococcus faecalis), Staphylococcus spp, and Gardnerella vaginalis. Several inconsistent were found in the drug prescription of the patients. Conclusion: Vulvovaginitis prevalence in Mexican girls is low and this was caused mainly by opportunist microorganisms. The initial treatment of vulvovaginitis must include hygienic measure and an antimicrobial according to the clinical features and microorganism found.