Double fertilization in flowering plants occurs when the two sperm cells, carried by the pollen tube, are released in a synergid cell of the embryo sac and then fertilize the egg and the central cell. Proteins on the ...Double fertilization in flowering plants occurs when the two sperm cells, carried by the pollen tube, are released in a synergid cell of the embryo sac and then fertilize the egg and the central cell. Proteins on the surfaces of the sperm, egg, central, and synergid cells might be important for guidance and recognition/fusion of the gametes. Here, we present functional analyses ofArabidopsis GEX3, which encodes a plasma membrane-localized protein that has homologs in other plants. GEX3 is expressed in both the vegetative and sperm cells of the male gametophyte and in the egg cell of the female gametophyte. Transgenic lines in which GEX3 was down-regulated or overexpressed, using the Arabidopsis GEX2 promoter, had reduced seed set. Reciprocal crosses and imaging after pollination with a reporter line showed that, in both cases, the defect causing reduced seed set occurred in the female. In the antisense lines, micropylar pollen tube guidance failed, In the overexpression lines, fertilization of mutant ovules was mostly blocked because pollen tube guidance failed, although, occasionally, non-viable embryos were formed. We conclude that properly regulated expression of GEX3 in the egg cell of Arabidopsis is essential for pollen tube guidance.展开更多
In the present paper an existence and uniqueness of solution of the nonlo- cal boundary value problem for the third order loaded elliptic-hyperbolic type equa- tion in double-connected domain have been investigated. A...In the present paper an existence and uniqueness of solution of the nonlo- cal boundary value problem for the third order loaded elliptic-hyperbolic type equa- tion in double-connected domain have been investigated. At the proof of unequivocal solvability of the investigated problem, the extremum principle for the mixed type equations and method of integral equations have been used.展开更多
A matrix equation solved in an eddy current analysis,??-??method based on a domain decomposition method becomes a complex symmetric system.In general,iterative method is used as the solver.Convergence of iterative met...A matrix equation solved in an eddy current analysis,??-??method based on a domain decomposition method becomes a complex symmetric system.In general,iterative method is used as the solver.Convergence of iterative method in an interface problem is improved by increasing an accuracy of a solution of an iterative method of a subdomain problem.However,it is difficult to improve the convergence by using a small convergence criterion in the subdomain problem.Therefore,authors propose a method to introduce double-double precision into the interface problem and the subdomain problem.This proposed method improves the convergence of the interface problem.In this paper,first,we describe proposed method.Second,we confirm validity of the method by using Team Workshop Problem 7,standard model for eddy current analysis.Finally,we show effectiveness of the method from two numerical results.展开更多
In this work an existence and uniqueness of solution of the non-local boundary value problem for the loaded elliptic-hyperbolic type equation with integral-differential operations in double-connected domain have been ...In this work an existence and uniqueness of solution of the non-local boundary value problem for the loaded elliptic-hyperbolic type equation with integral-differential operations in double-connected domain have been investigated. The uniqueness of solution is proved by the method of integral energy using an extremum principle for the mixed type equations, and the existence is proved by the method of integral equations.展开更多
文摘Double fertilization in flowering plants occurs when the two sperm cells, carried by the pollen tube, are released in a synergid cell of the embryo sac and then fertilize the egg and the central cell. Proteins on the surfaces of the sperm, egg, central, and synergid cells might be important for guidance and recognition/fusion of the gametes. Here, we present functional analyses ofArabidopsis GEX3, which encodes a plasma membrane-localized protein that has homologs in other plants. GEX3 is expressed in both the vegetative and sperm cells of the male gametophyte and in the egg cell of the female gametophyte. Transgenic lines in which GEX3 was down-regulated or overexpressed, using the Arabidopsis GEX2 promoter, had reduced seed set. Reciprocal crosses and imaging after pollination with a reporter line showed that, in both cases, the defect causing reduced seed set occurred in the female. In the antisense lines, micropylar pollen tube guidance failed, In the overexpression lines, fertilization of mutant ovules was mostly blocked because pollen tube guidance failed, although, occasionally, non-viable embryos were formed. We conclude that properly regulated expression of GEX3 in the egg cell of Arabidopsis is essential for pollen tube guidance.
文摘In the present paper an existence and uniqueness of solution of the nonlo- cal boundary value problem for the third order loaded elliptic-hyperbolic type equa- tion in double-connected domain have been investigated. At the proof of unequivocal solvability of the investigated problem, the extremum principle for the mixed type equations and method of integral equations have been used.
文摘A matrix equation solved in an eddy current analysis,??-??method based on a domain decomposition method becomes a complex symmetric system.In general,iterative method is used as the solver.Convergence of iterative method in an interface problem is improved by increasing an accuracy of a solution of an iterative method of a subdomain problem.However,it is difficult to improve the convergence by using a small convergence criterion in the subdomain problem.Therefore,authors propose a method to introduce double-double precision into the interface problem and the subdomain problem.This proposed method improves the convergence of the interface problem.In this paper,first,we describe proposed method.Second,we confirm validity of the method by using Team Workshop Problem 7,standard model for eddy current analysis.Finally,we show effectiveness of the method from two numerical results.
文摘In this work an existence and uniqueness of solution of the non-local boundary value problem for the loaded elliptic-hyperbolic type equation with integral-differential operations in double-connected domain have been investigated. The uniqueness of solution is proved by the method of integral energy using an extremum principle for the mixed type equations, and the existence is proved by the method of integral equations.
