Aims Field and common garden comparisons are commonly performed to test the rapid evolution of increased vigor in introduced plant populations.Latitudinal dines in phenotypic traits can obscure such evolutionary infer...Aims Field and common garden comparisons are commonly performed to test the rapid evolution of increased vigor in introduced plant populations.Latitudinal dines in phenotypic traits can obscure such evolutionary inferences,particularly when native or introduced populations are distributed across large geographic ranges.We tested whether the latitudinal dines influence comparisons between introduced and native populations of Senecio vulgaris.Methods Senecio vulgaris is native to Europe but has been introduced in northeastern and southwestern China.To evaluate the performance in terms of growth and reproduction between native European populations and introduced Chinese populations,we compared plant height,number of branches and number of capitula in field populations in native and introduced ranges and in a common garden in Switzerland.Important Findings The introduced Chinese populations performed better than the native European populations in the field in terms of plant height and number of capitula,which was consistent with the prediction of the evolution of the increased competitive ability(EICA)hypothesis.The Chinese populations produced more capitula than the European populations when the latitudinal cline was considered in the common garden comparison.When we compared the traits of the northeastern Chinese,southwestern Chinese and European populations in both the field and common garden,the northeastern Chinese populations,at latitudes similar to those of the European populations,exhibited greater plant size and more capitula than the European populations in both the field and common garden.However,the southwestern Chinese populations,at latitudes much lower than those of the European populations,did not perform better than the native populations in terms of reproduction.In conclusion,our results suggest that latitudinal dines in phenotypic traits should be considered in field and common garden comparisons when introduced populations are geographically structured.展开更多
The growing emphasis in the United States on a building’s sustainability as it is constructed is clearly indicated by the exponential growth of the U.S.Green Building Council’s LEED rating system.In addition,society...The growing emphasis in the United States on a building’s sustainability as it is constructed is clearly indicated by the exponential growth of the U.S.Green Building Council’s LEED rating system.In addition,society is beginning to pay attention to the existing building stock’s environmental footprint,focusing on energy and water efficiency.There is less discussion,however,on how the design of the building can actually facilitate sustainable living within and even affect behavior beyond the building’s envelope.In some cases,what we do in the building may outweigh the environmental impact of the building itself.A dining facility on an average college or university campus,for instance,has potentially the single highest environmental footprint compared to all other buildings on campus,outside of laboratory or medical facilities.It is one of the most costly to operate and employs a high percentage of campus staff.The dining facility is one of the campus’s largest consumers in terms of purchased goods and producers of waste.It is also one of the biggest energy and water hogs.Conditions for the people working in the building can be dismal,with many kitchens lacking natural light,let alone fresh air or views to the outside.Yet,at the same time,the dining facility often serves as the center for student life on campus and has the greatest opportunity to affect students’behaviors relative to sustainability.In 2004 when Bates College began planning for a new dining facility(Figure 1),the goal was to break the stereotype for campus dining.The College wanted to push the envelope of the healthy and sustainable dining experience.In the end,Bates built a new dining Commons that is energy and water efficient,equitable to staff,produces close to no waste,supports local and organic food,uses materials responsibly,and increases relationships between students and faculty,coursework and dining,and campus life and community work.展开更多
The paper focuses on the dining culture difference between china and America according to analyzing the period of the film, The Joy Luck Club, in which Waverly takes her boyfriend Rich to meet his future mother-in-law.
With the prevalence of COVID-19,the phenomenon of viruses spreading through aerosols has become a focus of attention.Diners in university dining halls have a high risk of exposure to respiratory droplets from others w...With the prevalence of COVID-19,the phenomenon of viruses spreading through aerosols has become a focus of attention.Diners in university dining halls have a high risk of exposure to respiratory droplets from others without the protection of face masks,which greatly increases the risk of COVID-19 transmission.Therefore,the transmission mechanism of respiratory droplets in extremely crowded dining environments should be investigated.In this study,a numerical simulation of coughing at dining tables under two conditions was performed,namely the presence and absence of protective partitions,and the evaporation and condensation of aerosol droplets in the air were examined.By using the numerical method,we analyzed and verified the isolation effect of dining table partitions in the propagation of aerosol droplets.The effect of changes in room temperature on the diffusion of coughed aerosols when partitions were present was analyzed.We demonstrated how respiratory droplets spread through coughing and how these droplets affect others.Finally,we proposed a design for a dining table partition that minimizes the transmission of COVID-19.展开更多
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30670359 and 31700326)the 111 project(B13008)Beijing Advanced Innovation Program for Land Surface Science and the State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology.
文摘Aims Field and common garden comparisons are commonly performed to test the rapid evolution of increased vigor in introduced plant populations.Latitudinal dines in phenotypic traits can obscure such evolutionary inferences,particularly when native or introduced populations are distributed across large geographic ranges.We tested whether the latitudinal dines influence comparisons between introduced and native populations of Senecio vulgaris.Methods Senecio vulgaris is native to Europe but has been introduced in northeastern and southwestern China.To evaluate the performance in terms of growth and reproduction between native European populations and introduced Chinese populations,we compared plant height,number of branches and number of capitula in field populations in native and introduced ranges and in a common garden in Switzerland.Important Findings The introduced Chinese populations performed better than the native European populations in the field in terms of plant height and number of capitula,which was consistent with the prediction of the evolution of the increased competitive ability(EICA)hypothesis.The Chinese populations produced more capitula than the European populations when the latitudinal cline was considered in the common garden comparison.When we compared the traits of the northeastern Chinese,southwestern Chinese and European populations in both the field and common garden,the northeastern Chinese populations,at latitudes similar to those of the European populations,exhibited greater plant size and more capitula than the European populations in both the field and common garden.However,the southwestern Chinese populations,at latitudes much lower than those of the European populations,did not perform better than the native populations in terms of reproduction.In conclusion,our results suggest that latitudinal dines in phenotypic traits should be considered in field and common garden comparisons when introduced populations are geographically structured.
文摘The growing emphasis in the United States on a building’s sustainability as it is constructed is clearly indicated by the exponential growth of the U.S.Green Building Council’s LEED rating system.In addition,society is beginning to pay attention to the existing building stock’s environmental footprint,focusing on energy and water efficiency.There is less discussion,however,on how the design of the building can actually facilitate sustainable living within and even affect behavior beyond the building’s envelope.In some cases,what we do in the building may outweigh the environmental impact of the building itself.A dining facility on an average college or university campus,for instance,has potentially the single highest environmental footprint compared to all other buildings on campus,outside of laboratory or medical facilities.It is one of the most costly to operate and employs a high percentage of campus staff.The dining facility is one of the campus’s largest consumers in terms of purchased goods and producers of waste.It is also one of the biggest energy and water hogs.Conditions for the people working in the building can be dismal,with many kitchens lacking natural light,let alone fresh air or views to the outside.Yet,at the same time,the dining facility often serves as the center for student life on campus and has the greatest opportunity to affect students’behaviors relative to sustainability.In 2004 when Bates College began planning for a new dining facility(Figure 1),the goal was to break the stereotype for campus dining.The College wanted to push the envelope of the healthy and sustainable dining experience.In the end,Bates built a new dining Commons that is energy and water efficient,equitable to staff,produces close to no waste,supports local and organic food,uses materials responsibly,and increases relationships between students and faculty,coursework and dining,and campus life and community work.
文摘The paper focuses on the dining culture difference between china and America according to analyzing the period of the film, The Joy Luck Club, in which Waverly takes her boyfriend Rich to meet his future mother-in-law.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11872353,91852102)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LZ22A020004)。
文摘With the prevalence of COVID-19,the phenomenon of viruses spreading through aerosols has become a focus of attention.Diners in university dining halls have a high risk of exposure to respiratory droplets from others without the protection of face masks,which greatly increases the risk of COVID-19 transmission.Therefore,the transmission mechanism of respiratory droplets in extremely crowded dining environments should be investigated.In this study,a numerical simulation of coughing at dining tables under two conditions was performed,namely the presence and absence of protective partitions,and the evaporation and condensation of aerosol droplets in the air were examined.By using the numerical method,we analyzed and verified the isolation effect of dining table partitions in the propagation of aerosol droplets.The effect of changes in room temperature on the diffusion of coughed aerosols when partitions were present was analyzed.We demonstrated how respiratory droplets spread through coughing and how these droplets affect others.Finally,we proposed a design for a dining table partition that minimizes the transmission of COVID-19.
