The present study examines the effect of stabilization on the geo-environmental properties of crude oil contaminated kaolin clay.Lime and cement were mixed in a ratio of 1:2 and added to the simulated crude oil contam...The present study examines the effect of stabilization on the geo-environmental properties of crude oil contaminated kaolin clay.Lime and cement were mixed in a ratio of 1:2 and added to the simulated crude oil contaminated kaolin clay at different percentages(5%,10%,15%,and 20%)as a stabilizing binder.Parameters investigated include consistency limits,unconfined compressive strength(UCS),and direct shear,and compressibility and leaching characteristics of the untreated and stabilized soils.The experimental testing reveals a decrease in the consistency limits with addition of the stabilizing binder.Maximum UCS values occurred for 15%cement-lime stabilized kaolin clay at different curing periods(i.e.0 d,7 d,14 d,and 28 d).By increasing the cement-lime content from 5%to 15%,the UCS values of the stabilized clay increase from 185 kPa to 350 kPa and from 785 kPa to 1160 kPa for uncured and 28 dcured samples,respectively.Both the compression and recompression indices of the contaminated kaolin clay from the consolidation test decrease by 40%and 50%,respectively,with 20%stabilizing binder addition.The leachability of the contaminated clay also reduces with incorporation of cement and lime.According to the scanning electron microscope(SEM)test,addition of stabilizing binder transforms the dispersed structure of contaminated kaolin clay into a knitted flocculated structure.The study shows the effectiveness of cement-lime mix in stabilizing the contaminated kaolin clay and the possible use of stabilized contaminated kaolin clay as an alternative construction material.展开更多
The crude oil recovery process is frequently associated with the formation of stable emulsions due to factors such as turbulent flow in pipelines and the presence of surface-active substances that naturally occur in c...The crude oil recovery process is frequently associated with the formation of stable emulsions due to factors such as turbulent flow in pipelines and the presence of surface-active substances that naturally occur in crude oil.These emulsions are undesirable for the petroleum industry because their destruction/treatment adds to the overall production cost and causes the loss of valuable amounts of crude oil.Therefore,it is essential,for economic and environmental reasons,to optimize the crude oil demulsification process.The effective treatment of crude oil emulsions requires understanding of the process and factors leading to their formation and stabilization.In this sense,suitable treatment methods and possible preventive measures to avoid their formation can be employed.The present study reviews recent oilfield emulsion types and the factors responsible for their formation and stabilization.The different demulsification techniques employed were then extensively examined.Demulsification tech-niques include mechanical,thermal,electrical,and chemical methods with different demulsification mechanisms affected by many factors such as emulsions type and properties,demulsifiers characteris-tics,presence of solids stabilized emulsions,etc.The demulsification efficiency depends on the operating parameters of the process,the economics involved,and the environmental impact,which are the main factors considered in selecting a suitable demulsification technique.Future research on the demulsifi-cation of crude oil emulsions should focus on real crude oil emulsions studies at a pilot scale level,the effect of aging on crude oil emulsions,the combination of multiple demulsification techniques and their synergistic effects,and the use of natural,ecofriendly demulsifiers.展开更多
文摘The present study examines the effect of stabilization on the geo-environmental properties of crude oil contaminated kaolin clay.Lime and cement were mixed in a ratio of 1:2 and added to the simulated crude oil contaminated kaolin clay at different percentages(5%,10%,15%,and 20%)as a stabilizing binder.Parameters investigated include consistency limits,unconfined compressive strength(UCS),and direct shear,and compressibility and leaching characteristics of the untreated and stabilized soils.The experimental testing reveals a decrease in the consistency limits with addition of the stabilizing binder.Maximum UCS values occurred for 15%cement-lime stabilized kaolin clay at different curing periods(i.e.0 d,7 d,14 d,and 28 d).By increasing the cement-lime content from 5%to 15%,the UCS values of the stabilized clay increase from 185 kPa to 350 kPa and from 785 kPa to 1160 kPa for uncured and 28 dcured samples,respectively.Both the compression and recompression indices of the contaminated kaolin clay from the consolidation test decrease by 40%and 50%,respectively,with 20%stabilizing binder addition.The leachability of the contaminated clay also reduces with incorporation of cement and lime.According to the scanning electron microscope(SEM)test,addition of stabilizing binder transforms the dispersed structure of contaminated kaolin clay into a knitted flocculated structure.The study shows the effectiveness of cement-lime mix in stabilizing the contaminated kaolin clay and the possible use of stabilized contaminated kaolin clay as an alternative construction material.
文摘The crude oil recovery process is frequently associated with the formation of stable emulsions due to factors such as turbulent flow in pipelines and the presence of surface-active substances that naturally occur in crude oil.These emulsions are undesirable for the petroleum industry because their destruction/treatment adds to the overall production cost and causes the loss of valuable amounts of crude oil.Therefore,it is essential,for economic and environmental reasons,to optimize the crude oil demulsification process.The effective treatment of crude oil emulsions requires understanding of the process and factors leading to their formation and stabilization.In this sense,suitable treatment methods and possible preventive measures to avoid their formation can be employed.The present study reviews recent oilfield emulsion types and the factors responsible for their formation and stabilization.The different demulsification techniques employed were then extensively examined.Demulsification tech-niques include mechanical,thermal,electrical,and chemical methods with different demulsification mechanisms affected by many factors such as emulsions type and properties,demulsifiers characteris-tics,presence of solids stabilized emulsions,etc.The demulsification efficiency depends on the operating parameters of the process,the economics involved,and the environmental impact,which are the main factors considered in selecting a suitable demulsification technique.Future research on the demulsifi-cation of crude oil emulsions should focus on real crude oil emulsions studies at a pilot scale level,the effect of aging on crude oil emulsions,the combination of multiple demulsification techniques and their synergistic effects,and the use of natural,ecofriendly demulsifiers.
