The unique composition of milk makes this basic foodstuff into an exceptional raw material for the production of new ingredients with desired properties and diverse applications in the food industry. The fractionation...The unique composition of milk makes this basic foodstuff into an exceptional raw material for the production of new ingredients with desired properties and diverse applications in the food industry. The fractionation of milk is the key in the development of those ingredients and products;hence continuous research and development on this field, especially various levels of fractionation and separation by filtration, have been carried out. This review focuses on the production of milk fractions as well as their particular properties, applications and processes that increase their exploitation. Whey proteins and caseins from the protein fraction are excellent emulsifiers and protein supplements. Besides, they can be chemically or enzymatically modified to obtain bioactive peptides with numerous functional and nutritional properties. In this context, valorization techniques of cheese-whey proteins, by-product of dairy industry that constitutes both economic and environmental problems, are being developed. Phospholipids from the milk fat fraction are powerful emulsifiers and also have exclusive nutraceutical properties. In addition, enzyme modification of milk phospholipids makes it possible to tailor emulsifiers with particular properties. However, several aspects remain to be overcome;those refer to a deeper understanding of the healthy, functional and nutritional properties of these new ingredients that might be barriers for its use and acceptability. Additionally, in this review, alternative applications of milk constituents in the non-food area such as in the manufacture of plastic materials and textile fibers are also introduced. The unmet needs, the cross-fertilization in between various protein domains,the carbon footprint requirements, the environmental necessities, the health and wellness new demand, etc., are dominant factors in the search for innovation approaches;these factors are also outlining the further innovation potential deriving from those “apparent” constrains obliging science and technology展开更多
Ni-rich layered oxides(Ni>80%)with high energy density have become a mainstream cathode material for Li-ion batteries.However,irreversible phase transitions and interface instability are deep-seated challenges in c...Ni-rich layered oxides(Ni>80%)with high energy density have become a mainstream cathode material for Li-ion batteries.However,irreversible phase transitions and interface instability are deep-seated challenges in commercializing Ni-rich materials.This study used a collaborative modification strategy involving doping and coating with quadrivalent elements to construct Ni-rich materials.In particular,introducing tetravalent Zr makes the valence change of Ni(2+to 4+)more accessible to complete spontaneously during the charging and discharging processes,which significantly suppresses the cationic mixing and irreversible phase transition(H2?H3).Combining the strategy of constructing CeO_(2) coatings on the surface and interfacial spinel-like phases improves the Li+diffusion kinetics and interfacial stability.Simultaneously,part of the strongly oxidizing four-valence Ce^(4+)diffuses to the surface layer,further increasing the average valence state of Ni.Therefore,LiNi_(0.83)Co_(0.11)Mn_(0.06)O_(2)(NCM)-Zr@Ce achieves 78.5%outstanding retention at1.0C after 200 cycles within 3.0-4.3 V compared to unmodified NCM with 41.4%retention.The improved cyclic stability can be attributed to the collaborative modification strategy of the quadrivalent elements,which provides an effective synergistic modification strategy for developing high-performance Li-ion battery cathode materials.展开更多
Background The new Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration （CKD-EPI） equation was developed to address the systematic underestimation of glomerular filtration rate （GFR） by the Modification of Diet in Re...Background The new Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration （CKD-EPI） equation was developed to address the systematic underestimation of glomerular filtration rate （GFR） by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease （MDRD） Study equation in patients with relatively well-preserved kidney function.Performance of the new equation in the Chinese population is unknown.The goal of the present study was to compare performance of these two equations in Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease （CKD）.Methods We enrolled 450 Chinese patients （239 women and 211 men） with CKD in the present study.The renal dynamic imaging method was used to measure the referenced standard GFR （rGFR） for comparison with estimations using the two equations.Their overall performance was assessed with the Bland-Altman method and receiver-operating characteristics （ROC） analysis.Performance of the two equations in lower and higher estimated GFR （eGFR） subgroups was further investigated.Results Both eGFRs correlated well with rGFR （r=0.88,0.81,P〈0.05）.In overall performance,the CKD-EPI equation showed less bias,higher precision and improved accuracy,and was better for detecting CKD.In the higher-eGFR subgroup,the CKD-EPI equation corrected the underestimation of GFR by the abbreviated MDRD equation.Conclusions The CKD-EPI equation outperformed the abbreviated MDRD equation not only in overall performance but also in the subgroups studied.For the present,the CKD-EPI equation appears to be the first-choice prediction equation for estimating GFR.展开更多
文摘The unique composition of milk makes this basic foodstuff into an exceptional raw material for the production of new ingredients with desired properties and diverse applications in the food industry. The fractionation of milk is the key in the development of those ingredients and products;hence continuous research and development on this field, especially various levels of fractionation and separation by filtration, have been carried out. This review focuses on the production of milk fractions as well as their particular properties, applications and processes that increase their exploitation. Whey proteins and caseins from the protein fraction are excellent emulsifiers and protein supplements. Besides, they can be chemically or enzymatically modified to obtain bioactive peptides with numerous functional and nutritional properties. In this context, valorization techniques of cheese-whey proteins, by-product of dairy industry that constitutes both economic and environmental problems, are being developed. Phospholipids from the milk fat fraction are powerful emulsifiers and also have exclusive nutraceutical properties. In addition, enzyme modification of milk phospholipids makes it possible to tailor emulsifiers with particular properties. However, several aspects remain to be overcome;those refer to a deeper understanding of the healthy, functional and nutritional properties of these new ingredients that might be barriers for its use and acceptability. Additionally, in this review, alternative applications of milk constituents in the non-food area such as in the manufacture of plastic materials and textile fibers are also introduced. The unmet needs, the cross-fertilization in between various protein domains,the carbon footprint requirements, the environmental necessities, the health and wellness new demand, etc., are dominant factors in the search for innovation approaches;these factors are also outlining the further innovation potential deriving from those “apparent” constrains obliging science and technology
基金financially supported by the Department of Science and Technology of Guangxi Province (Nos.2022JBGS004,AB21220027,AD19110090 and AD19110077)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.21805055 and12172096)+2 种基金Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (Nos.2020GXNSFAA159059 and 2020GXNSFAA159037)Guangxi Key Laboratory of Manufacturing Systems Foundation (No.20-065-40-005Z)the Engineering Research Center Foundation of Electronic Information Materials and Devices (No.EIMD-AA202005)。
文摘Ni-rich layered oxides(Ni>80%)with high energy density have become a mainstream cathode material for Li-ion batteries.However,irreversible phase transitions and interface instability are deep-seated challenges in commercializing Ni-rich materials.This study used a collaborative modification strategy involving doping and coating with quadrivalent elements to construct Ni-rich materials.In particular,introducing tetravalent Zr makes the valence change of Ni(2+to 4+)more accessible to complete spontaneously during the charging and discharging processes,which significantly suppresses the cationic mixing and irreversible phase transition(H2?H3).Combining the strategy of constructing CeO_(2) coatings on the surface and interfacial spinel-like phases improves the Li+diffusion kinetics and interfacial stability.Simultaneously,part of the strongly oxidizing four-valence Ce^(4+)diffuses to the surface layer,further increasing the average valence state of Ni.Therefore,LiNi_(0.83)Co_(0.11)Mn_(0.06)O_(2)(NCM)-Zr@Ce achieves 78.5%outstanding retention at1.0C after 200 cycles within 3.0-4.3 V compared to unmodified NCM with 41.4%retention.The improved cyclic stability can be attributed to the collaborative modification strategy of the quadrivalent elements,which provides an effective synergistic modification strategy for developing high-performance Li-ion battery cathode materials.
文摘Background The new Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration （CKD-EPI） equation was developed to address the systematic underestimation of glomerular filtration rate （GFR） by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease （MDRD） Study equation in patients with relatively well-preserved kidney function.Performance of the new equation in the Chinese population is unknown.The goal of the present study was to compare performance of these two equations in Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease （CKD）.Methods We enrolled 450 Chinese patients （239 women and 211 men） with CKD in the present study.The renal dynamic imaging method was used to measure the referenced standard GFR （rGFR） for comparison with estimations using the two equations.Their overall performance was assessed with the Bland-Altman method and receiver-operating characteristics （ROC） analysis.Performance of the two equations in lower and higher estimated GFR （eGFR） subgroups was further investigated.Results Both eGFRs correlated well with rGFR （r=0.88,0.81,P〈0.05）.In overall performance,the CKD-EPI equation showed less bias,higher precision and improved accuracy,and was better for detecting CKD.In the higher-eGFR subgroup,the CKD-EPI equation corrected the underestimation of GFR by the abbreviated MDRD equation.Conclusions The CKD-EPI equation outperformed the abbreviated MDRD equation not only in overall performance but also in the subgroups studied.For the present,the CKD-EPI equation appears to be the first-choice prediction equation for estimating GFR.
