Background: Malaria and anaemia continue to adversely impact the health of children in Ghana. Hohoe is an area of intense and prolonged, seasonal malaria transmission. In 2006, malaria control programme activities whi...Background: Malaria and anaemia continue to adversely impact the health of children in Ghana. Hohoe is an area of intense and prolonged, seasonal malaria transmission. In 2006, malaria control programme activities which provided In-secticide Treated Bed-Nets (ITNs) to resident children under five years and Artemisinin Combination Therapies (ACTs) for the management of malaria were introduced into the Hohoe Municipality. Before the introduction of the control programme, baseline surveys were carried out in communities in the Hohoe municipality to determine the prevalence of malaria, fever, anaemia, malaria parasite density, gametocytaemia and ITN ownership and use in June and November 2006 ahead of the intervention programme. Similar surveys were conducted in 2010 after the intervention to assess changes in the earlier indicators in the same communities. This report presents an evaluation of the intervention by comparing findings before and after the malaria control interventions. Methods: In 2010, two community-based surveys were carried out in thirty communities among children aged five years and below. The first one was at the beginning of the rainy and high malaria transmission season in June and the other was in November at the end of the rainy season. The surveys were to determine the prevalence of malaria, fever, anaemia and ITN ownership, use and effectiveness among children less than 5 years. Data were collected in the form of interviews using questionnaire and collection of biological samples. Findings were compared to those similar surveys conducted in the same communities and age groups in 2006. Pr-testi was used to analyze two sample tests for proportions and t-test was used for means. Findings: Malaria prevalence decreased by 20% [9.0% vs. 7.2%;p = 0.0.40], fever decreased by 47.8% [2.3% vs. 1.2%;p = 0.008] and anaemia decreased by 32.9% [7.8% vs. 5.3%;p = 0.002]. ITN ownership increased by 67.9% [20.8% vs. 64.8%;p < 0.001], ITN use increased by 64.2% [15.1% vs. 42.2%;p < 0.001] and ITN effectiveness展开更多
Background: Otitis media (OM) is highly prevalent and is one of the most important causes of preventable hearing loss in developing countries and it may have long-term impacts on the children. Several hospital-based c...Background: Otitis media (OM) is highly prevalent and is one of the most important causes of preventable hearing loss in developing countries and it may have long-term impacts on the children. Several hospital-based cross-sectional studies have been conducted in East African countries to assess the prevalence of OM;however, no similar studies have been conducted in Somalia. Therefore, we conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study to identify the prevalence and the underlying risk factors of OM among children under the age of five in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methodology: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2022 to November 2022 at three main hospitals in Mogadishu, Somalia. A total of 384 children aged less than 5 years were included. Parents of these children were interviewed with a questionnaire and a clinical examination was performed for each child. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS (Version 22, IBM, Inc.), was used for the statistical analysis. Result: The prevalence of otitis media among the 384 children recruited was 31.25% (120/384). Otitis media was significantly associated with age less than one year (P = 0.006), malnutrition (P Conclusion: In summary, the present study found that otitis media was highly prevalent (31.25%) in Mogadishu, Somalia. The majority of the affected children were younger than one year. Age of the child, malnutrition, upper respiratory tract infections, feeding in lying position, and dripping something into a child’s ear were found to significantly increase the risk of developing otitis media in children. In contrast, breastfeeding for more than one year has been found to reduce the risk of developing otitis media in children.展开更多
Background: Malaria remains a dominant health issue among children in Ghana. We monitored the trend of long lasting insecticide net (LLIN) ownership and use and its impact on malaria and anaemia among children under f...Background: Malaria remains a dominant health issue among children in Ghana. We monitored the trend of long lasting insecticide net (LLIN) ownership and use and its impact on malaria and anaemia among children under five over the past decade in an area of intense, prolonged and seasonal malaria transmission. Methods: A total of 1717, 2155 and 1915 children were surveyed in June and 1717, 2155 and 1697 in November in 30 communities of the Hohoe Municipality in 2006, 2010 and 2015 respectively. The primary outcomes monitored were the trend of LLIN ownership, use and prevalence of malaria and anaemia through cross-sectional surveys. Findings: Results showed a significantly positive trend (p Interpretation: Ownership of LLIN and its use together with other indicators of malaria prevalence generally improved five years after the implementation of a malaria control programme. Ten years after programme implementation, consistent improvement was only in LLIN ownership and use. Also malaria prevalence indicators improved in the post as compared to the pre-rainy season in the study communities.展开更多
目的分析北京市西城区2015—2022年5岁以下腹泻患儿A组轮状病毒(group A rotavirus,RVA)病原学及临床特征,为RVA腹泻的临床诊断、疫苗研发和防控提供科学依据。方法2015年1月—2022年12月,按月收集北京市西城区两家哨点医院就诊的5岁以...目的分析北京市西城区2015—2022年5岁以下腹泻患儿A组轮状病毒(group A rotavirus,RVA)病原学及临床特征,为RVA腹泻的临床诊断、疫苗研发和防控提供科学依据。方法2015年1月—2022年12月,按月收集北京市西城区两家哨点医院就诊的5岁以下腹泻患儿粪便标本,采用实时荧光PCR法进行RVA检测,采用多重半巢式RT-PCR进行基因分型,使用SPSS 19.0软件对流行病学及临床数据进行统计学分析,率的比较采用卡方检验,使用二分类非条件logistic回归分析临床特征差异。结果共收集粪便标本1617件,总阳性率13.48%(218/1617)。每年12月到次年2月为RVA流行高峰,3—5月为次高峰。12~23月龄年龄组阳性率最高(20.44%,84/411)。170件RVA阳性标本进行了G、P基因分型,G分型以G9为主(84.12%,143/170),P分型以P[8]型为主(93.53%,159/170),G/P组合基因型以G9P[8]和G8P[8]为主,2015—2021年G9P[8]为优势基因型,2022年G8P[8]取代G9P[8]成为优势基因型。与每日最高腹泻次数<5次的患儿相比,每日最高腹泻次数≥5次的患儿RVA阳性的风险为1.481(95%CI:1.113~1.972)倍。与未出现水样便的患儿相比,出现水样便的患儿RVA阳性的可能性为3.971(95%CI:2.958~5.331)倍。结论RVA具有明显季节性,冬春季高发,12~23月龄为主要感染年龄组,自2022年G8P[8]取代G9P[8]成为优势基因型。出现水样便及每日最高腹泻次数≥5次的患儿RVA感染风险更高。展开更多
文摘Background: Malaria and anaemia continue to adversely impact the health of children in Ghana. Hohoe is an area of intense and prolonged, seasonal malaria transmission. In 2006, malaria control programme activities which provided In-secticide Treated Bed-Nets (ITNs) to resident children under five years and Artemisinin Combination Therapies (ACTs) for the management of malaria were introduced into the Hohoe Municipality. Before the introduction of the control programme, baseline surveys were carried out in communities in the Hohoe municipality to determine the prevalence of malaria, fever, anaemia, malaria parasite density, gametocytaemia and ITN ownership and use in June and November 2006 ahead of the intervention programme. Similar surveys were conducted in 2010 after the intervention to assess changes in the earlier indicators in the same communities. This report presents an evaluation of the intervention by comparing findings before and after the malaria control interventions. Methods: In 2010, two community-based surveys were carried out in thirty communities among children aged five years and below. The first one was at the beginning of the rainy and high malaria transmission season in June and the other was in November at the end of the rainy season. The surveys were to determine the prevalence of malaria, fever, anaemia and ITN ownership, use and effectiveness among children less than 5 years. Data were collected in the form of interviews using questionnaire and collection of biological samples. Findings were compared to those similar surveys conducted in the same communities and age groups in 2006. Pr-testi was used to analyze two sample tests for proportions and t-test was used for means. Findings: Malaria prevalence decreased by 20% [9.0% vs. 7.2%;p = 0.0.40], fever decreased by 47.8% [2.3% vs. 1.2%;p = 0.008] and anaemia decreased by 32.9% [7.8% vs. 5.3%;p = 0.002]. ITN ownership increased by 67.9% [20.8% vs. 64.8%;p < 0.001], ITN use increased by 64.2% [15.1% vs. 42.2%;p < 0.001] and ITN effectiveness
文摘Background: Otitis media (OM) is highly prevalent and is one of the most important causes of preventable hearing loss in developing countries and it may have long-term impacts on the children. Several hospital-based cross-sectional studies have been conducted in East African countries to assess the prevalence of OM;however, no similar studies have been conducted in Somalia. Therefore, we conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study to identify the prevalence and the underlying risk factors of OM among children under the age of five in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methodology: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2022 to November 2022 at three main hospitals in Mogadishu, Somalia. A total of 384 children aged less than 5 years were included. Parents of these children were interviewed with a questionnaire and a clinical examination was performed for each child. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS (Version 22, IBM, Inc.), was used for the statistical analysis. Result: The prevalence of otitis media among the 384 children recruited was 31.25% (120/384). Otitis media was significantly associated with age less than one year (P = 0.006), malnutrition (P Conclusion: In summary, the present study found that otitis media was highly prevalent (31.25%) in Mogadishu, Somalia. The majority of the affected children were younger than one year. Age of the child, malnutrition, upper respiratory tract infections, feeding in lying position, and dripping something into a child’s ear were found to significantly increase the risk of developing otitis media in children. In contrast, breastfeeding for more than one year has been found to reduce the risk of developing otitis media in children.
文摘Background: Malaria remains a dominant health issue among children in Ghana. We monitored the trend of long lasting insecticide net (LLIN) ownership and use and its impact on malaria and anaemia among children under five over the past decade in an area of intense, prolonged and seasonal malaria transmission. Methods: A total of 1717, 2155 and 1915 children were surveyed in June and 1717, 2155 and 1697 in November in 30 communities of the Hohoe Municipality in 2006, 2010 and 2015 respectively. The primary outcomes monitored were the trend of LLIN ownership, use and prevalence of malaria and anaemia through cross-sectional surveys. Findings: Results showed a significantly positive trend (p Interpretation: Ownership of LLIN and its use together with other indicators of malaria prevalence generally improved five years after the implementation of a malaria control programme. Ten years after programme implementation, consistent improvement was only in LLIN ownership and use. Also malaria prevalence indicators improved in the post as compared to the pre-rainy season in the study communities.
文摘目的分析北京市西城区2015—2022年5岁以下腹泻患儿A组轮状病毒(group A rotavirus,RVA)病原学及临床特征,为RVA腹泻的临床诊断、疫苗研发和防控提供科学依据。方法2015年1月—2022年12月,按月收集北京市西城区两家哨点医院就诊的5岁以下腹泻患儿粪便标本,采用实时荧光PCR法进行RVA检测,采用多重半巢式RT-PCR进行基因分型,使用SPSS 19.0软件对流行病学及临床数据进行统计学分析,率的比较采用卡方检验,使用二分类非条件logistic回归分析临床特征差异。结果共收集粪便标本1617件,总阳性率13.48%(218/1617)。每年12月到次年2月为RVA流行高峰,3—5月为次高峰。12~23月龄年龄组阳性率最高(20.44%,84/411)。170件RVA阳性标本进行了G、P基因分型,G分型以G9为主(84.12%,143/170),P分型以P[8]型为主(93.53%,159/170),G/P组合基因型以G9P[8]和G8P[8]为主,2015—2021年G9P[8]为优势基因型,2022年G8P[8]取代G9P[8]成为优势基因型。与每日最高腹泻次数<5次的患儿相比,每日最高腹泻次数≥5次的患儿RVA阳性的风险为1.481(95%CI:1.113~1.972)倍。与未出现水样便的患儿相比,出现水样便的患儿RVA阳性的可能性为3.971(95%CI:2.958~5.331)倍。结论RVA具有明显季节性,冬春季高发,12~23月龄为主要感染年龄组,自2022年G8P[8]取代G9P[8]成为优势基因型。出现水样便及每日最高腹泻次数≥5次的患儿RVA感染风险更高。
