This review explores the recent development of research on rainbow herbicides as chemical weapons and the geographies of chemical warfare in what is now the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. While the use and impacts of ...This review explores the recent development of research on rainbow herbicides as chemical weapons and the geographies of chemical warfare in what is now the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. While the use and impacts of Agent Orange have previously been well documented, the production and extensive application of five other rainbow agents by the United States military has only recently been investigated in detail. What is exceptional about this research of chemical warfare landscapes is that the 23 refereed journal publications in this review were designed, implemented, and published in a unique collective research project by Ken Olson and a Merry Band of Military Retirees. Their groundbreaking research portfolio includes many geographical dimensions and the political ecology of chemical warfare. This includes the extensive exposure of civilians in Vietnam to these chemical agents, exposure of US military personnel in Southeast Asia and Panama, exposure of civilians near the private industrial sites that produced these rainbow agents in North America and the hazardous soil contamination that perseveres at these sites in Vietnam and the US. Given this impressive research depth and global scope, this review explores the unique way this research portfolio was developed by a Merry Band of Retirees through an interview with its leader, Ken Olson. It examines the goals and ethical orientation of these military veterans, the political ecology involved, the creative strategies they utilized to produce this innovative research, and how they changed the way Veterans exposed to chemical warfare agents are treated by the US government.展开更多
To review long-term respiratory effects of mustard gas on Iranian veterans having undergone Iraq- Iran war. Electronic databases of Scopus, Medline, ISI, IranMedex, and Irandoc sites were searched. We accepted article...To review long-term respiratory effects of mustard gas on Iranian veterans having undergone Iraq- Iran war. Electronic databases of Scopus, Medline, ISI, IranMedex, and Irandoc sites were searched. We accepted articles published in scientific journals as a quality criterion. The main pathogenic factors are free radical mediators. Preva- lence of pulmonary involvement is approximately 42.5%. The most common complaints are cough and dyspnea. Major respiratory complications are chronic obstructive pulmo- nary disease, bronchiectasis, and asthma. Spirometry re- sults can reveal restrictive and obstructive pulmonary disease. Plain chest X-ray does not help in about 50% of lung diseases. High-resolution CT of the lung is the best modality for diagnostic assessment of parenchymal lung and bronchi. There is no definite curative treatment for mus- tard lung. The effective treatment regimens consist of oxy-gen administration, use of vaporized moist air, respiratory physiotherapy, administration of mucolytic agents, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and long-acting beta-2 agonists, antioxidants, surfactant, magnesium ions, thera- peutic bronchoscopy, laser therapy, placement of respira- tory stents, early tracheostomy in laryngospasm, and ulti- mately lung transplantation. High-resolution CT of the lung is the most accurate modality for the evaluation of the lung parenchyma and bronchi. The treatment efficacy of patients exposed to mustard gas depends on patient conditions （acute or chronic, upper or lower respiratory tract involvement）. There are various treatment protocols, but unfortunately none of them is definitely curable.展开更多
Chemical warfare agents （CWAs） are recognized as serious threats of terrorist acts against the civilian population. Minimizing the impact of these threats requires early detection of the presence of CWAs. Cavity rin...Chemical warfare agents （CWAs） are recognized as serious threats of terrorist acts against the civilian population. Minimizing the impact of these threats requires early detection of the presence of CWAs. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy （CRDS） is an exquisitely sensitive technique for the detection of trace gaseous species. In this letter, the CRDS technique is employed using a pulsed quantum cascade laser for the detection of dimethyl methylphosphonate （DMMP）. A limit of DMMP detection of approximately 77 ppb is achieved. The best achievable sensitivity that corresponds to noise-equivalent absorption is approximately 2×10^-7cm^-1.展开更多
通过扩散法制得低浓度的对甲基膦酸二甲酯(DMMP)、磷酸三丁酯(TBP)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)3种化学战剂模拟剂蒸气,并用自制紫外光离子源高场不对称波形离子迁移谱仪(Ultraviolet photoionization high field asymmetric ion mobility spectr...通过扩散法制得低浓度的对甲基膦酸二甲酯(DMMP)、磷酸三丁酯(TBP)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)3种化学战剂模拟剂蒸气,并用自制紫外光离子源高场不对称波形离子迁移谱仪(Ultraviolet photoionization high field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry,UV-FAIMS)对其进行检测,得到不同样品在不同分离电压下特征谱图,并通过对多组分离电压(Dispersion voltage,DV)和补偿电压(Compensation voltage,CV)求解,建立了α2和α4二维谱图,提高了FAIMS的分辨识别能力。此外,对UV-FAIMS的检测灵敏度进行了测定。实验表明,此系统对甲基膦酸二甲酯(DMMP)的检测灵敏度优于0.55μg/L。展开更多
文摘This review explores the recent development of research on rainbow herbicides as chemical weapons and the geographies of chemical warfare in what is now the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. While the use and impacts of Agent Orange have previously been well documented, the production and extensive application of five other rainbow agents by the United States military has only recently been investigated in detail. What is exceptional about this research of chemical warfare landscapes is that the 23 refereed journal publications in this review were designed, implemented, and published in a unique collective research project by Ken Olson and a Merry Band of Military Retirees. Their groundbreaking research portfolio includes many geographical dimensions and the political ecology of chemical warfare. This includes the extensive exposure of civilians in Vietnam to these chemical agents, exposure of US military personnel in Southeast Asia and Panama, exposure of civilians near the private industrial sites that produced these rainbow agents in North America and the hazardous soil contamination that perseveres at these sites in Vietnam and the US. Given this impressive research depth and global scope, this review explores the unique way this research portfolio was developed by a Merry Band of Retirees through an interview with its leader, Ken Olson. It examines the goals and ethical orientation of these military veterans, the political ecology involved, the creative strategies they utilized to produce this innovative research, and how they changed the way Veterans exposed to chemical warfare agents are treated by the US government.
文摘To review long-term respiratory effects of mustard gas on Iranian veterans having undergone Iraq- Iran war. Electronic databases of Scopus, Medline, ISI, IranMedex, and Irandoc sites were searched. We accepted articles published in scientific journals as a quality criterion. The main pathogenic factors are free radical mediators. Preva- lence of pulmonary involvement is approximately 42.5%. The most common complaints are cough and dyspnea. Major respiratory complications are chronic obstructive pulmo- nary disease, bronchiectasis, and asthma. Spirometry re- sults can reveal restrictive and obstructive pulmonary disease. Plain chest X-ray does not help in about 50% of lung diseases. High-resolution CT of the lung is the best modality for diagnostic assessment of parenchymal lung and bronchi. There is no definite curative treatment for mus- tard lung. The effective treatment regimens consist of oxy-gen administration, use of vaporized moist air, respiratory physiotherapy, administration of mucolytic agents, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and long-acting beta-2 agonists, antioxidants, surfactant, magnesium ions, thera- peutic bronchoscopy, laser therapy, placement of respira- tory stents, early tracheostomy in laryngospasm, and ulti- mately lung transplantation. High-resolution CT of the lung is the most accurate modality for the evaluation of the lung parenchyma and bronchi. The treatment efficacy of patients exposed to mustard gas depends on patient conditions （acute or chronic, upper or lower respiratory tract involvement）. There are various treatment protocols, but unfortunately none of them is definitely curable.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60878038
文摘Chemical warfare agents （CWAs） are recognized as serious threats of terrorist acts against the civilian population. Minimizing the impact of these threats requires early detection of the presence of CWAs. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy （CRDS） is an exquisitely sensitive technique for the detection of trace gaseous species. In this letter, the CRDS technique is employed using a pulsed quantum cascade laser for the detection of dimethyl methylphosphonate （DMMP）. A limit of DMMP detection of approximately 77 ppb is achieved. The best achievable sensitivity that corresponds to noise-equivalent absorption is approximately 2×10^-7cm^-1.
文摘通过扩散法制得低浓度的对甲基膦酸二甲酯(DMMP)、磷酸三丁酯(TBP)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)3种化学战剂模拟剂蒸气,并用自制紫外光离子源高场不对称波形离子迁移谱仪(Ultraviolet photoionization high field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry,UV-FAIMS)对其进行检测,得到不同样品在不同分离电压下特征谱图,并通过对多组分离电压(Dispersion voltage,DV)和补偿电压(Compensation voltage,CV)求解,建立了α2和α4二维谱图,提高了FAIMS的分辨识别能力。此外,对UV-FAIMS的检测灵敏度进行了测定。实验表明,此系统对甲基膦酸二甲酯(DMMP)的检测灵敏度优于0.55μg/L。
