Apprehension and self-expectancy are two major factors which influence the wiring quality of the students who learn English as the foreign language. This paper will report an empirical study on the effect of the appre...Apprehension and self-expectancy are two major factors which influence the wiring quality of the students who learn English as the foreign language. This paper will report an empirical study on the effect of the apprehension and self-expectancy on English Writing by means of the questionnaire and research of 50 non-English major students. Apprehension is about the worry in the English writing process, while the self-expectancy is the learner's expectancy on whether learning activity can lead to the specific result or not. Detailed analysis will be made based on the results of the questionnaire with the application of SPSS.In the end, this paper will give the specific relations among apprehension, self-expectancy and English writing.展开更多
The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal cortical activation patterns underlying different stages of humor comprehension (e.g., detection of incongruity stage, resolution of incongruity stage, and affecti...The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal cortical activation patterns underlying different stages of humor comprehension (e.g., detection of incongruity stage, resolution of incongruity stage, and affective stage). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured when 16 subjects were apprehending cartoon pictures including humorous, non-humorous and unrelated items. Results showed that both humorous and unrelated items elicited a more negative ERP deflection (N500-800) than non-humorous ones between 500 - 800 ms, which might reflect detection to incongruent element during humor apprehension. Then, both humorous and non-humorous items elicited a more positive ERP deflection (P800-1000) than unrelated ones between 800 - 1000 ms, which might reflect a classification process preliminarily evaluating whether there were attainable cues in the pictures used to form possible association between context and picture (we named it “association evaluation” stage). Furthermore, humorous items elicited a more positive slow wave than non-humorous items which also elicited a more positive wave than unrelated items between 1000 - 1600 ms, during which this component might be involved in the forming of novel associations (resolution of incongruity). Lastly, between 1600 - 2000 ms, humorous items elicited a more positive ERP deflection (P1600-2000) than both non-humorous and unrelated items, which might be related to emotion processing during humor apprehension. Based on these results, we deeply subdivided the second stage (resolution of incongruity) into two stages: association evaluation and incongruity resolution.展开更多
Willingness to communicate illustrates anyone’s tendency and wish to commence a communication.Besides,socio-cognitive strategies are used when people want to interact with others and face some difficulties.The aim of...Willingness to communicate illustrates anyone’s tendency and wish to commence a communication.Besides,socio-cognitive strategies are used when people want to interact with others and face some difficulties.The aim of this study was twofold.The first aim was to investigate the difference in willingness to communicate between Iranian male and female.The second aim was to distinguish the frequency of socio-cognitive strategies used by Iranian advance students based on their gender.To these ends,32 advance learners(16 males and 16 females)were given the willingness to communicate questionnaire developed by MacIntyre,Baker,Clément,and Conrod(2001)and the socio-cognitive strategy use questionnaire.The range of the participants’age was 17-23 in both males and females.To analyze the result of the socio-cognitive strategies use,frequencies were counted.The result showed that although there were some similarities and differences between males and females while using socio-cognitive strategies,the differences were more in social strategies than cognitive ones.After collecting the data from the questionnaires and calculating the means of the two groups,an independent sample T-test was run to compute the significant differences between the two groups.The result of the willingness to communicate questionnaire revealed that males had more tendency in communication than females.Also,the result of the socio-cognitive strategy questionnaire showed that both groups are similar in cognitive strategy use,but they are different in social strategy use.展开更多
文摘Apprehension and self-expectancy are two major factors which influence the wiring quality of the students who learn English as the foreign language. This paper will report an empirical study on the effect of the apprehension and self-expectancy on English Writing by means of the questionnaire and research of 50 non-English major students. Apprehension is about the worry in the English writing process, while the self-expectancy is the learner's expectancy on whether learning activity can lead to the specific result or not. Detailed analysis will be made based on the results of the questionnaire with the application of SPSS.In the end, this paper will give the specific relations among apprehension, self-expectancy and English writing.
文摘The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal cortical activation patterns underlying different stages of humor comprehension (e.g., detection of incongruity stage, resolution of incongruity stage, and affective stage). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured when 16 subjects were apprehending cartoon pictures including humorous, non-humorous and unrelated items. Results showed that both humorous and unrelated items elicited a more negative ERP deflection (N500-800) than non-humorous ones between 500 - 800 ms, which might reflect detection to incongruent element during humor apprehension. Then, both humorous and non-humorous items elicited a more positive ERP deflection (P800-1000) than unrelated ones between 800 - 1000 ms, which might reflect a classification process preliminarily evaluating whether there were attainable cues in the pictures used to form possible association between context and picture (we named it “association evaluation” stage). Furthermore, humorous items elicited a more positive slow wave than non-humorous items which also elicited a more positive wave than unrelated items between 1000 - 1600 ms, during which this component might be involved in the forming of novel associations (resolution of incongruity). Lastly, between 1600 - 2000 ms, humorous items elicited a more positive ERP deflection (P1600-2000) than both non-humorous and unrelated items, which might be related to emotion processing during humor apprehension. Based on these results, we deeply subdivided the second stage (resolution of incongruity) into two stages: association evaluation and incongruity resolution.
文摘Willingness to communicate illustrates anyone’s tendency and wish to commence a communication.Besides,socio-cognitive strategies are used when people want to interact with others and face some difficulties.The aim of this study was twofold.The first aim was to investigate the difference in willingness to communicate between Iranian male and female.The second aim was to distinguish the frequency of socio-cognitive strategies used by Iranian advance students based on their gender.To these ends,32 advance learners(16 males and 16 females)were given the willingness to communicate questionnaire developed by MacIntyre,Baker,Clément,and Conrod(2001)and the socio-cognitive strategy use questionnaire.The range of the participants’age was 17-23 in both males and females.To analyze the result of the socio-cognitive strategies use,frequencies were counted.The result showed that although there were some similarities and differences between males and females while using socio-cognitive strategies,the differences were more in social strategies than cognitive ones.After collecting the data from the questionnaires and calculating the means of the two groups,an independent sample T-test was run to compute the significant differences between the two groups.The result of the willingness to communicate questionnaire revealed that males had more tendency in communication than females.Also,the result of the socio-cognitive strategy questionnaire showed that both groups are similar in cognitive strategy use,but they are different in social strategy use.
